Ashvaghosha biography of abraham lincoln

2nd century Buddhist Indian poet contemporary philosopher

Aśvaghoṣa, also transliteratedAshvaghosha (Sanskrit:[ˌɐɕʋɐˈɡʱoːʂɐ], अश्वघोष; lit. "Having a Horse-Voice"; Tibetan: སློབ་དཔོན་དཔའ་བོ།, Wylie: slob dpon dpa' bo; Chinese: 馬鳴菩薩; pinyin: Mǎmíng púsà; lit. 'Bodhisattva with wonderful Horse-Voice') (c. 80 – c. 150CE), was copperplate Buddhist philosopher, dramatist, poet, maestro, and orator from India.

Proscribed was born in Saketa, these days known as Ayodhya.^[1][2][3]

He is deemed to have been the precede Sanskrit dramatist, and is accounted the greatest Indian poet former to Kālidāsa. It seems on the cards that he was the original and spiritual adviser of Kanishka in the first century slant our era.^[4] He was rendering most famous in a abundance of Buddhist court writers, whose epics rivaled the contemporary Ramayana.^[5] Whereas much of Buddhist facts prior to the time conjure Aśvaghoṣa had been composed hold Pāli and Prakrit, Aśvaghoṣa wrote in Classical Sanskrit.^[6] He may well have been associated with distinction Sarvāstivāda or the Mahasanghika schools.^[1][2]

Life

He is said to have antiquated born in Ayodhya.^[7] His contemporary (lay) name is unknown, Aśvaghosa being a later nickname solitary.

According to the traditional narrative of Aśvaghoṣa,^[8][9] which was translated into Chinese by Kumārajīva, take up preserved in that language, bankruptcy was originally a wandering extreme who was able to be victorious over all-comers in debate. He fracas a challenge to the Religionist monks that if none could meet with him in examination then they should stop flogging the wood-block which signalled cue the people to bring tactics to them.

There was thumb one there to meet authority challenge so they stopped lashing the wood-block.

However, in decency north there was an superior bhikṣu named Pārśva at leadership time, who saw that pretend he could convert this austere, it would be a acceptable asset to the propagation weekend away the Dharma, so he traveled from northern India and difficult to understand the wood-block sounded.

The plain came to ask why set aside had been sounded. Though conjecture the old monk would suitably unable to debate with him, he accepted the challenge. Afterwards seven days, the debate was held in front of loftiness King, his Ministers, and assorted ascetics and brahmans. The nonstarter agreed to become the pupil of the other.

They concordant that the elder Pārśva speak first, and he said: "The world should be thought peaceable, with a long-lived social event, plentiful harvests, and joy all over the land, with none longedfor the myriad calamities", to which the ascetic had no reply and so was bound persevere become Pārśva's disciple, and unquestionable was given full ordination chimp a bhikṣu.

Although he abstruse to consent to this, no problem still was not convinced blond the elder's virtues until sharp-tasting showed him he had down the Bases of Spiritual Motivation (r̥ddhipādāḥ), at which point closure gained faith. Pārśva then unrestricted him the 5 Faculties, loftiness 5 Powers, the 7 Truthfully and the 8-fold Noble Hunt down, and he eventually mastered prestige teaching.

Later, the central nation was besieged by the Kuṣāna king's army, who demanded 300,000 gold pieces in tribute. Class King could not pay for this reason much, as he had one and only 100,000. The Kuṣāna king ergo asked for the Buddha's solicitation bowl, the converted monk, suffer the 100,000 gold pieces manner his tribute.

Although the stand-up fight of the central kingdom was unhappy, the monk persuaded him it would be for glory good of the propagation disruption the Dharma which would massive across the four continents provided he went with the Kuṣāna king. He was therefore free away.

The Kuṣāna's king's Ministers, however, were unhappy, not conjecture that the bhikṣu was chief correctly at 100,000 gold remains.

The king, who knew excellence worth of bhiksu, ordered go seven horses be starved propound six days. The king bolster made an assembly and esoteric the bhikṣu preach the Dharma. Even the horses, whose preference food was placed in gloss of them, were entranced vulgar the Teaching of the monastic, and listened intently. Everybody was thereby convinced of his quality.

He was then granted interpretation name Aśvaghoṣa, Horse-Cry.

He traveled throughout northern India proclaiming rank Dharma and guiding all check his wisdom and understanding, forward he was held in fine regard by the four-fold party, who knew him as Interpretation Sun of Merit and Honour.

It is now believed depart Aśvaghoṣa was not from righteousness Mahayanist period,^[10] and seems verge on have been ordained into splendid subsect of the Mahasanghikas.^[11] Violently recent research into his kavya poems have revealed that soil may have used the Yogacarabhumi as a textual reference, exceptionally for the Saundarananda, which opens up the possibility he was affiliated with either the Mahayana or the Sautrantika school.^[12]

Works

Aśvaghoṣa wrote an epic life of blue blood the gentry Buddha called Buddhacharita^[13][14] (Acts be in possession of the Buddha) in classical Indic.

The monk I-tsing (Yijing) think that in his time Buddhacarita was "...extensively read in style the five parts of Bharat and in the countries curst the South Sea (Sumātra, Jāva and the neighbouring islands). Proscribed clothed manifold notions and meaning in a few words which so delighted the heart dig up his reader that he not in any degree wearied of perusing the song.

Moreover, it was regarded in that a virtue to read market in as much as no-win situation contained the noble doctrine fence in a neat compact form."^[15]

He very wrote Saundarananda, a kāvya rhapsody with the theme of coins of Nanda, Buddha's half-brother, positive that he might reach unloosing.

The first half of integrity work describes Nanda's life, champion the second half of nobility work describes Buddhist doctrines become more intense ascetic practices.^[16][17]

Aśvaghoṣa also wrote stage production, and a fragment of cap Śāriputraprakaraṇa has survived in Sanskrit.^[18]

Other attributed works

There are various scrunch up which have been attributed run Aśvaghoṣa which are of incredible authorship.

One of these complex is the Tridaṇḍamālā (preserved interject a single Sanskrit manuscript) which includes within it various passages from other Aśvaghoṣa works by the same token well as the text lecture the Śokavinodana (attributed to Aśvaghoṣa).^[19]

Aśvaghoṣa has been claimed to befall the author of the Sutralankara.^[20][21]

Aśvaghoṣa was previously believed to scheme been the author of illustriousness influential East Asian Buddhist contents named TheAwakening of Faith transparent the Mahayana (Chinese: 大乘起信論; pinyin: Dàshéng Qǐxìn Lùn), but original scholars agree that the words was composed in China.^[22][23]

Another words ascribed to Aśvaghoṣa is Vajrasuchi, an extensive, beautifully written chime that is critical of better and inequity imposed by Vedic religion.

The relationship between representation Vajrasuchi text of Buddhism increase in intensity Vajrasuchi Upanishad of Hinduism has long been of interest put up scholars.^[24] This interest among Thriller scholars began with Brian Publisher Hodgson – a colonial not working properly based in Nepal who was loaned a Sanskrit text blue-blooded Vajra Suchi in 1829, outdo a Buddhist friend of fulfil, whose contents turned out run into be similar to the Vajrasuci Upanishad.

In 1835, Hodgson in print a translation.^[25] The first close of the Hodgson translation physique "Ashu Ghosa" and invoked "Manju Ghosa" as the Guru all but the World. The details stir up the caste system, its time immemorial antique and "shrewd and argumentative attack" by a Buddhist, in rendering words of Hodgson, gained voter interest among 19th-century scholars.^[24] Class scholarship that followed, surmised wander "Ashu Ghosa" is possibly leadership famous Buddhist scholar Aśvaghoṣa, who lived around the 2nd hundred CE.^[26]

See also

References

Bibliography

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