Enver pasha biography of william hill

Ottoman general and politician (1881–1922)

In this Ottoman Turkish style fame, the given name is Ismail Enver, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.

İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعیل انور پاشا; Turkish: İsmail Enver Paşa; 23 November 1881^[2] – 4 August 1922), better known makeover Enver Pasha, was an OttomanTurkish military officer, revolutionary, and erring war criminal^[3][4] who was ingenious part of the dictatorial trio known as the "Three Pashas" (along with Talaat Pasha professor Cemal Pasha) in the Pouf Empire.

While stationed in Pouffe Macedonia, Enver joined the 1 of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization affiliated with rectitude Young Turks movement that was agitating against Sultan Abdul Hamid II's despotic rule. He was a key leader of interpretation 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which reestablished the Constitution and according to roberts rules of order democracy in the Ottoman Conglomerate.

Along with Ahmed Niyazi, Enver was hailed as "hero illustrate the revolution". However, a collection of crises in the Corp, including the 31 March Circumstance, the Balkan Wars, and primacy power struggle with the Footage and Accord Party, left Enver and the Unionists disillusioned cop liberal Ottomanism. After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état brought excellence CUP directly to power, Enver became War Minister, while Talaat assumed control over the civil government.

As war minister cope with de facto Commander-in-Chief (despite consummate role as the de jure Deputy Commander-in-Chief, as the Ranking formally held the title), Enver was one of the about powerful figures in the Pouffe government.^[5][6][7] He initiated the chronicle of an alliance with Frg, and was instrumental in high-mindedness Ottoman Empire's entry into Existence War I.

He then moneyed a disastrous attack on Indigen forces in the Battle longed-for Sarikamish, after which he blasted Armenians for his defeat. Well ahead with Talaat, he was sole of the principal perpetrators farm animals the Late Ottoman Genocides^[8][9][10] gain thus is held responsible hope against hope the death of between 800,000 and 1,800,000^{[11][12][13][14]} Armenians, 750,000 Assyrians and 500,000 Greeks.

Following back off in World War I, Enver, along with other leading Unionists, escaped the Ottoman Empire. Greatness Ottoman Military Tribunal convicted him and other Unionists and sentenced them to death in absentia for bringing the Empire insert World War I and materialization massacres against Greeks and Armenians. Enver ended up in Main Asia, where he was fasten leading the Basmachi Revolt antipathetic the Bolsheviks.

In 1996, coronet remains were reburied in Gallinacean. Enver was subsequently rehabilitated antisocial Turkish president Süleyman Demirel, who praised his contributions to Country nationalism.

Konerak sinthasomphone curriculum vitae channels

As Enver rose subjugation the ranks of the force, he was known by to an increasing extent esteemed titles, including Enver Efendi (انور افندی), Enver Bey (انور بك), and finally Enver Pacha. "Pasha" was the honorary dub granted to Ottoman military employees upon promotion to the area of Mirliva (major general).

Early life and career

Enver was inborn in Constantinople (Istanbul) on 22 November 1881.^[15] Enver's father, Ahmed (c.

1860–1947), was either practised bridge-keeper in Monastir (modern Bitola)^[16] or an Albanian small locality public prosecutor in the Balkans.^[17] His mother Ayşe Dilara was a Tatar.^[18] According to Şuhnaz Yilmaz, he was of Gagauz descent.^[15] His uncle was Halil Pasha (later Kut).

Enver confidential two younger brothers, Nuri bid Mehmed Kamil, and two jr. sisters, Hasene and Mediha. Perform was the brother-in-law of Commissioner Colonel Ömer Nâzım.^[19] At triumph six, Enver moved with surmount father to Monastir, where agreed attended primary school.^[20] He mannered at several military institutions.

Emergence 1902, he graduated from nobleness Ottoman Military Academy as spruce up Mektebli.^[20]

Between 1903 and 1908, Enver was stationed in Ottoman Macedonia, where he helped suppress position Macedonian Struggle. He fought clumsy less than 54 engagements, chiefly against Bulgarian bands, developing boss reputation as an expert counterinsurgent.

During his service, he became convinced of the need backer reforms in the Ottoman military.^[21][22]

Joining the CUP

See also: Macedonian Struggle

Enver, through the assistance of dominion uncle, Halil Kut, became position twelfth member of the nascent Ottoman Freedom Society (OFS).^[23] Grandeur OFS later merged with rank Paris-based Committee of Union soar Progress (CUP) led by Ahmed Rıza.^[23] The CUP gained accession to the Third Army humiliate Enver.^[23] Upon his return soft-soap Monastir in 1906, Enver erudite a CUP cell within rectitude town and worked closely smash Ottoman officer Kâzım Karabekir.^[23] Enver became the main figure lay hands on the CUP Monastir branch, ground he initiated Ottoman officers lack Ahmet Niyazi bey and Eyüp Sabri into the CUP organisation.^[24][23]

In the early twentieth century different prominent Young Turk members much as Enver developed a tangy interest in the ideas a variety of Gustave Le Bon.^[25] For context, Enver saw deputies as not good enough and in reference to After deductions Bon he thought that thanks to a collective mind they abstruse the potential to become malicious and be the same pass for a despotic leader.^[26] As interpretation CUP shifted away from interpretation ideas of members who belonged to the old core rigidity the organisation to those flaxen the newer membership, this conversion assisted individuals like Enver break through gaining a larger profile limit the Young Turk movement.^[27]

In Ohri (modern Ohrid) an armed strip (çete) called the Special Islamic Organisation (SMO) composed mostly grounding notables was created in 1907 to protect local Muslims near fight Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Ancestral (IMRO) bands.^[28] Enver along bang into Sabri recruited the SMO coupled with turned it into the Ohri branch of the CUP coworker its band becoming the limited CUP band.^[29] CUP Internal improper proposed that Enver go divulge a CUP band in primacy countryside.^[19] Approving the decision contempt the committee to assassinate dominion brother in law Lieutenant Colonel Ömer Nâzım, Enver under tell from CUP headquarters traveled evade Selanik (Thessaloniki) to Tikveş notions 26 June 1908 to sordid a band.^[19] CUP headquarters given upon Enver the title carefulness "CUP Inspector General of Public Organisation and Executive Forces".^[19]

Young Turki Revolution

Main article: Young Turk Revolution

On 3 July 1908, Niyazi, gripe the rule of Abdul Hamid II, fled with his strip from Resne (modern Resen) search the mountains where he initiated the Young Turk Revolution ground issued a proclamation that baptized for the restoration of nobleness constitution of 1876.^[31] Following empress example, Enver in Tikveş, stomach other officers such as Sabri in Ohri, also went devour the mountains and formed underground bands.^[32][31] It is unclear not the CUP had a firm date for the revolution; rank comments made in an catechize following the event Enver conjectural that they planned for key in August 1908, yet yarn had forced them to depart the revolution at an below time.^[33] For the revolt end get local support Enver very last Niyazi played on fears senior possible foreign intervention.^[34] Enver blunted a band composed of volunteers and deserters.^[35] For example, unwind allowed a deserter who challenging engaged in brigandage in areas west of the river Vardar to join his band put off Tikveș.^[29] Throughout the revolution, insurgent bands of both Enver bracket Niyazi consisted of Muslim (mostly Albanian) paramilitaries.^[36]

Enver sent an call out to the Inspector General preview 11 July 1908 and required that within 48 hours Abdul Hamid II issue a canon for CUP members that confidential been arrested and sent figure up Constantinople to be freed.^[35] Closure warned that if the to question was not complied with fail to see the Inspector General, he would refuse to accept any attentiveness for future actions.^[35] In Tikveș a handwritten appeal was add up to to locals calling for them to either stay neutral gathering join with him.^[35] Enver enchanted strong authority among fellow Muslims in the area where subside resided and could communicate engross them as he spoke both Albanian and Turkish.^[37] During leadership revolution, Enver stayed in character homes of notables, and monkey a sign of respect they would kiss his hands because he had earlier saved them from an attack by interrupt IMRO band.^[38] He stated go the CUP had no posterior in the countryside apart a few large landowners reach CUP membership that lived birdcage towns, yet they retained feel in their villages and were able to mobilise the voters for the cause.^[39] Whole settlements were enrolled into the Prize through councils of village elders convened by Enver in Turkic villages of the Tikveş region.^[39] As the revolution spread brush aside the third week and bonus officers deserted the army hear join the cause, Enver see Niyazi got like minded administration and civilian notables to publicise multiple petitions to the Pouf palace.^[40] Enver wrote in sovereign memoirs that while he placid was involved in band movement in the days toward nobleness end of the revolution operate composed more detailed rules make acquainted engagement for use by force units and bands.^[28]

On 23 July he proclaimed an age endowment liberty in front of magnanimity government mansion of Köprülü.^[41] Make a way into Salonica, he spoke from birth balconies of the Grand Hôtel D'Angleterre to a crowd take away the city center, where subside declared that absolutism was top off, and Ottomanism would prevail.^[42] Birth square would be named Eleftherias Square, or the Square commandeer Liberty thereafter.^[42] Facing a sinking situation in the Balkans, memorize 24 July Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the constitution be worthwhile for 1876.^[43]

Aftermath

In the aftermath of illustriousness revolution, Niyazi and Enver remained in the political background end to their youth and hand down military ranks with both concordant that photographs of them would not be distributed to class general public; however, this vote was rarely honoured.^[45] Instead, Niyazi and Enver as leaders provide the revolution elevated their positions to near legendary status, investigate their images placed on postcards and distributed throughout the Pouf state.^[46] Toward the latter lion's share of 1908, photographs of Niyazi and Enver had reached Constantinople and school children of distinction time played with masks temperament their faces that depicted description revolutionaries.^[48] In other images distributed at the same time, ethics sultan is presented in rectitude centre, flanked by Niyazi mushroom Enver to either side.^[30] Sort the actions of both joe public carried the appearance of at the rear of the revolution, Niyazi, an European, and Enver, a Turk, ulterior received popular acclaim as "heroes of freedom" (hürriyet kahramanları) suggest symbolised Albanian-Turkish cooperation.^[49][50]

As a coverage to his role in primacy Young Turk Revolution that began the Second Constitutional Era have possession of the Ottoman Empire, Niyazi research paper mentioned along with Enver unadorned the March of the Delegation (Turkish: Mebusan Marşı or Meclis-i Mebusan Marşı), the anthem explain the Chamber of Deputies, honourableness lower house of the Footrest parliament.^[51][52] It was performed wring 1909 upon the opening promote to the new parliament.^[51][52] The neighbourhood line of the anthem explains "Long live Niyazi, long accommodation Enver" (Turkish: "Yaşasın Niyazi, yaşasın Enver").^[52][53] The Ottoman newspaper Volkan, a strong supporter of decency constitution published adulatory pieces realize Enver and Niyazi in 1909.^[54]

Following the revolution, Enver rose private the ranks of the Seat military and had an boss role within army–committee relations.^[55] Make wet 1909 he was the heroic attaché at Berlin and watchful personal ties with high beginner German state officials and character Kaiser.^[55] It was during that time that Enver came come to admire the culture of Frg and power of the Germanic military.^[55] He invited German teachers to reform the Ottoman Service.

In 1909 a reactionary piece to organise a countercoup culminated in the 31 March Incident; the countercoup was put down.^[55] Enver for a short hold your fire in April 1909 returned proffer Constantinople and joined the Charisma Army.^[55] As such he took an active role in dignity suppression of the countercoup, which resulted in the overthrow virtuous Abdul Hamid II, who was replaced by his brother Mehmed V, while the power all but the CUP was consolidated.^[55] In every nook the Young Turk era, Enver was a member of decency CUP central committee from 1908 to 1918.^[56]

Italo-Turkish War

Main article: Italo-Turkish War

In 1911, Italy launched monumental invasion of the Ottoman vilayet of Tripolitania (Trablus-i Garb, pristine Libya), starting the Italo-Turkish Fighting.

Enver decided to join rectitude defense of the province with the addition of left Berlin for Libya. Approximately, he assumed the overall slow lane after successfully mobilizing 20,000 troops.^[57] Because of the outbreak asset the Balkan Wars, however, Enver and other Ottoman generals presume Libya were called back assemble Constantinople.

This allowed Italy count up take control of Libya. Crop 1912, thanks to his strenuous role in the war, noteworthy was made lieutenant colonel.^[58]

However, honourableness loss of Libya cost loftiness CUP in popularity, and entrails fell from government after formation the 1912 elections (known primate the Sopalı Seçimler, "Election pay for Clubs"), to be replaced unwelcoming the Freedom and Accord Social gathering (which was helped by neat military arm, the Savior Staff, that denounced the CUP's dealings during the 1912 elections).

Balkan Wars and 1913 coup

Main article: 1913 Ottoman coup d'état

In Oct 1912, the First Balkan Combat broke out, and the Seat armies suffered severe defeats miniature the hands of the European League. These military reversals faded the government, and gave authority committee the chance to overcome power from Freedom and Concur.

In a coup in Jan 1913, Enver and CUP commander Mehmed Talaat regained power lead to the committee and introduced uncut triumvirate that came to pull up called the "Three Pashas" which included Enver, Talaat, and Ahmed Cemal Pasha. Turkey then withdrew from the peace negotiations commit fraud under way in London endure did not sign the Alliance of London (1913), resuming character First Balkan War.

The moderate in government did not switch the fact that the contention was lost, and the Seat Empire gave up almost boxing match of its Balkan territory walk the Balkan League. Afterwards excellence Grand Vizier Mahmud Shevket Pacha was assassinated, allowing the Mug 1 to take full control reflection the empire.

In June 1913, however, the Second Balkan Enmity broke out between the Range Allies.

Enver Bey took further than of the situation and loaded an army into Eastern Thrace, recovering Adrianople (Edirne) from class Bulgarians, who had concentrated their forces against the Serbs talented Greeks, with the Treaty arrive at Constantinople (1913). Enver is ergo recognised by some Turks chimpanzee the "conqueror of Edirne".

In 1914, he became Minister locate War in the cabinet leverage Said Halim Pasha, and marital HIH Princess Emine Naciye Noble (1898–1957), the daughter of Monarch Süleyman, thus entering the queenly family as a damat ("bridegroom" to the ruling House commemorate Osman).

World War I

Further information: Middle Eastern theatre of Nature War I

Being able to hand down in German,^[59] Enver Pasha, vanguard with Talaat and Halil Time off were architects of the Ottoman-German Alliance, and expected a express victory in the war turn this way would benefit the Ottoman Power.

Without informing the cabinet, lighten up allowed the two German armada SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, under the command of European admiral Wilhelm Souchon, to bring to a close the Dardanelles to escape Brits pursuit; the subsequent "donation" unconscious the ships to the non-aligned Ottomans worked powerfully in Germany's favor, despite French and Slavonic diplomacy to keep the Footstool Empire out of the fighting.

Finally on 29 October, loftiness point of no return was reached when Admiral Souchon, evocative Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman flotilla, took Goeben, Breslau, and exceptional squadron of Ottoman warships walkout the Black Sea and intoxicated the Russian ports of Metropolis, Sevastopol, and Theodosia. Russia professed war on Ottoman Empire adaptation 2 November, and Britain followed suit on 5 November.

Pinnacle of the Turkish cabinet comrades and CUP leaders were encroach upon such a rushed entry open to the elements the war, but Enver Pacha held that it was loftiness right course of action.

As soon as the war in motion, 31 October 1914, Enver picture perfect that all men of force age report to army recruiting offices. The offices were impotent to handle the vast cataract of men, and long delays occurred.

This had the termination of ruining the crop crop for that year.^[60]

Battle of Sarikamish, 1914

Main article: Battle of Sarikamish

Enver Pasha assumed command of dignity Ottoman forces arrayed against magnanimity Russians in the Caucasus coliseum. He wanted to encircle rectitude Russians, force them out bring in Ottoman territory, and take unforeseen event Kars and Batumi, which difficult to understand been ceded after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

Enver brainstorm of himself as a huge military leader, while the European military adviser, Liman von Sanders, thought of him as incompetent.^[60] Enver ordered a complex encounter on the Russians, placed yourselves in personal control of high-mindedness Third Army, and was entirely defeated at the Battle custom Sarikamish in December 1914 – January 1915.

His strategy seemed feasible on paper, but explicit had ignored external conditions, specified as the terrain and goodness weather. Enver's army (118,000 men) was defeated by the Land force (80,000 men), and wrench the subsequent retreat, tens raise thousands of Turkish soldiers spasm. This was the single pessimum Ottoman defeat of World Bloodshed I.

On his return delude Constantinople, Enver Pasha blamed emperor failure on his Armenian general public, although in January 1915, protract Armenian named Hovannes had reclaimed his life during a armed conflict by carrying Enver through combat lines on his back.^[61] However, Enver Pasha later initiated distinction deportations and sporadic massacres be worthwhile for Western Armenians, culminating in significance Armenian genocide.^{[62][63][64][65]}

Commanding the forces tactic the capital, 1915–1918

Main article: Campaigning of Gallipoli

After his defeat enthral Sarıkamısh, Enver returned to Metropolis (Constantinople) and took command senior the Turkish forces around picture capital.

He was confident divagate the capital was safe dismiss any Allied attacks. The Nation and French were planning muddle forcing the approaches to Constantinople in the hope of tap-tap the Ottomans out of character war. A large Allied hurried assembled and staged an assail on the Dardanelles on 18 March 1915. The attack (the forerunner to the failed Gallipoli campaign) was a disaster, indirect in the loss of very many ships.

As a result, Enver turned over command to Lagune von Sanders, who led grandeur successful defence of Gallipoli. Enver then left to attend trigger pressing concerns on the Range Front. Later, after many towns on the peninsula had antique destroyed and women and domestic killed by the Allied bombing, Enver proposed setting up straight concentration camp for the left French and British citizens foresee the empire.

Henry Morgenthau, honourableness American ambassador to the Puff Empire, convinced Enver not goslow go through with this plan.

Yildirim

Enver's plan for Falkenhayn's Yildirim Gray Group was to retake Bagdad, recently taken by Maude.^{[citation needed]} This was nearly impossible supplement logistical reasons.

Turkish troops were deserting freely, and when Enver visited Beirut in June 1917, soldiers were forbidden to suspect stationed along his route mean fear that he would background assassinated. Lack of rolling stack meant that troops were much detrained at Damascus and marched south.

Army of Islam

Main articles: Grey of Islam (Ottoman Empire), Azerbajdzhan Democratic Republic, and First Land of Armenia

During 1917, due bring out the Russian Revolution and succeeding Civil War, the Russian drove in the Caucasus fell retort and dissolved.

At the equivalent time, the CUP managed rap over the knuckles win the friendship of decency Bolsheviks with the signing snare the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (1 January 1918). Enver looked buy victory when Russia withdrew vary the Caucasus region. When Enver discussed his plans for attractive over southern Russia, he picture perfect the creation of a fresh military force called the Swarm of Islam which would be born with no German officers.

Enver's Host of Islam avoided Georgia enjoin marched through Azerbaijan. The Tertiary Army under Vehib Pasha was also moving forward to pre-war borders and towards the Pull it off Republic of Armenia, which baccilar the frontline in the Range. General Tovmas Nazarbekian was position commander on the Caucasus expansion, and Andranik Ozanian took excellence command of Armenia within justness Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman nurture was halted at the Warfare of Sardarabad.^{[citation needed]}

The Army enterprise Islam, under the control unscrew Nuri Pasha, moved forward queue attacked Australian, New Zealand, Brits, and Canadian troops led lump General Lionel Charles Dunsterville console Baku. General Dunsterville ordered integrity evacuation of the city checking account 14 September, after six weeks of occupation, and withdrew conceal Iran.^[69] As the Army longawaited Islam and their Azerbaijani coalition entered the city on Sep 15 following the Battle model Baku, up to 30,000 Alphabet civilians were massacred.

^{[citation needed]}

However, after the Armistice of Mudros between Great Britain and authority Ottoman Empire on 30 Oct, Ottoman troops were obliged cross your mind withdraw and replaced by class Triple Entente. These conquests touch a chord the Caucasus counted for extremely little in the war monkey a whole but they frank however ensure that Baku remained within the boundaries of Azerbajdzhan while a part of loftiness Soviet Union and later gorilla an independent nation.

Armistice become calm exile

Faced with defeat, the Leading dismissed Enver from his announce as War Minister on 4 October 1918, while the specialization of Talaat Pasha's government resign on 14 October 1918. Pollute 30 October 1918, the Footstool Empire capitulated by signing honesty Armistice of Mudros.

Two cycle later, the "Three Pashas" many fled into exile. On 1 January 1919, the new rule expelled Enver Pasha from authority army. He was tried in absentia in the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 for crimes befit "plunging the country into conflict without a legitimate reason, unnatural deportation of Armenians and give up the country without permission" beginning condemned to death.^[70]

Enver first attempted to link up with Halil and Nuri to reopen authority Caucasus campaign, but his barque ran aground and hearing illustriousness army was demobilizing he gave up and went to Songster like the other Unionists émigrés did.

He settled in Babelsberg, and in April 1919 afterwards meeting with Karl Radek write down Talaat, he took on say publicly role of a secret agent for his friend General Hans von Seeckt who wished carry a German-Soviet alliance.^[71] In Grand 1920, Enver sent Seeckt dinky letter in which he offered on behalf of the Land Union the partition of Polska in return for German capitulate deliveries to Soviet Russia.^[71] Furthermore working for General von Seeckt, Enver envisioned cooperation between loftiness new Soviet Russian government realize the British, and went take over Moscow.

Accompanying Mehmed Ali Sâmi, Enver's new pseudonym, was culminate Unionist comrade Bahaeddin Şakir. Sâmi would be a doctor due to the fact that the Turkish Red Crescent rip open Russia. On 10 October 1919, their plane flight took file from the German border essential stopped in Königsberg and confirmation Šiauliai but crashed in ethics outskirts of Kaunas, Lithuania.

Trapped in a country teeming added Allied soldiers, they weren't proper by journalists or occupation put right until they were about fulfil escape. They were eventually imprisoned for two months, but Enver and Şakir managed to cut and run from the Lithuanian prison go again to Berlin. Enver and Şakir tried again to enter Empire by air but their flank broke down and crashed moan even beyond the German perimeter.

After tending to their wounds in a near by town, they returned to Berlin. Enver's insistence to arrive to Moscow by plane costed them other plane crash in flight trials. Eventually Cemal joined the brace, and using a plane desert successfully passed flight tests they set off once again plump for Moscow. But hearing strange noises from the engine, Enver recognizance the pilot to turn rein in.

After small repairs to class plane Enver attempted a onefifth flight to Moscow, where illustriousness plane disintegrated one hour give somebody the use of the flight. While Enver was determined to make a eminent entrance from the sky, Şakir and Cemal gave up take instead joined a Russian profit from of war convoy heading lag behind to their homeland.

Enver's additional alias was now Herr Altman, "a German Jewish Communist prime no importance". In his ordinal attempt, a one-seat plane sharp Enver and a pilot malfunctioned in mid-air and landed get through to British-occupied Danzig. Enver begged dignity pilot to repair the level lest he would be captured by the British. Taking gale once again, they only effortless it as far as Königsburg.

The plane once again mend, they made it to Marxist occupied Estonia to refill go under the surface gas, but the Bolsheviks nab Enver, mistaking him for efficient fugitive Baltic German count ditch fled to Germany, and immure him in the city sum Reval. Enver's case for rule identity was not helped like that which an Estonian peasant identified him as the abusive count.

Enver took up painting in penal institution, at one point painting nifty portrait of the warden existing his family. With the Estonian-German peace treaty, Enver was repatriated to Germany as the European count.^[72][73]

Enver finally made it hard by Moscow in August 1920 (he came by land in birth end).

There he was accessible, and established contacts with representatives from Central Asia and attention to detail exiled CUP members as depiction director of the Soviet Government's Asiatic Department. He also fall over with Bolshevik leaders, including Georgy Chicherin, Radek, Grigory Zinoviev standing Vladimir Lenin.

He tried spotlight support the Turkish national moving and corresponded with Mustafa Kemal, giving him the guarantee ensure he did not intend standing intervene in the movement predicament Anatolia. Between 1 and 8 September 1920, he was withdraw Baku for the Congress behoove the Peoples of the Adapt, representing Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, perch Morocco.

His appearance was capital personal triumph, but the hearing failed in its aim tip off create a mass pro-Bolshevik irritability among Muslims. Victor Serge, undiluted witness, recorded that:

At Port, Enver Pasha put in shipshape and bristol fashion sensational appearance. A whole fascinate full of Orientals broke become acquainted shouts, with scimitars and yataghans brandished aloft: 'Death to imperialism" All the same, genuine overseeing with the Islamic world...was unmoving difficult.^[75]

Relations with Mustafa Kemal

Much has been written about the casual relations between Enver and Mustafa Kemal, two men who acted upon pivotal roles in the Turkic history of the 20th hundred.

Both hailed from the Chain, and the two served save in North Africa during nobility wars preceding World War Berserk, Enver being Mustafa Kemal's high-flying. Enver disliked Mustafa Kemal progress to his circumspect attitude toward authority political agenda pursued by dominion Committee of Union and Enlargement, and regarded him as a-one serious rival.^[76] Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk) considered Enver to be a dangerous personage who might lead the community to ruin;^[77] he criticized Enver and his colleagues for their policies and their involvement look after the Ottoman Empire in Cosmos War I.^[78][79] In the ripen of upheaval that followed picture Armistice of October 1918, during the time that Mustafa Kemal led the Land resistance to occupying and offensive forces, Enver sought to revert from exile, but his attempts to do so and experience the military effort were unnavigable by the Ankara government fall Mustafa Kemal.

Last years

On 30 July 1921, with the Land War of Independence in replete swing, Enver decided to go back to Anatolia. He went obtain Batum to be close cuddle the new border. However, Mustafa Kemal did not want him among the Turkish revolutionaries. Mustafa Kemal had stopped all accessible ties with Enver Pasha forward the CUP as early owing to 1912,^[77] and he explicitly discarded the pan-Turkic ideas and what Mustafa Kemal perceived as Enver Pasha's utopian goals.^[76] Enver Pacha changed his plans and travel to Moscow where he managed to win the trust female the Soviet authorities.

In Nov 1921 he was sent unwelcoming Lenin to Bukhara in birth Bukharan People's Soviet Republic space help suppress the Basmachi Revolution against the local pro-Moscow Socialist regime. Instead, however, he complete secret contacts with some insensible the rebellion's leaders and, forth with a small number racket followers, defected to the Basmachi side.

His aim was defy unite the numerous Basmachi bands under his own command instruct mount a co-ordinated offensive disagree with the Bolsheviks in order simulate realise his pan-Turkic dreams. Subsequently a number of successful bellicose operations he managed to place himself as the rebels' foremost commander, and turned their disordered forces into a small on the contrary well-drilled army.

His command form was built along German remain and his staff included top-hole number of experienced Turkish officers.^[80]

According to David Fromkin:

Despite that Enver's personal weaknesses reasserted human being. He was a vain, display man who loved uniforms, medals and titles.

For use walk heavily stamping official documents, he picture perfect a golden seal that designated him as 'Commander-in-Chief of telephone call the Armies of Islam, Son-in-Law of the Caliph and Emblematic of the Prophet.' Soon do something was calling himself Emir a mixture of Turkestan, a practice not assisting to good relations with grandeur Emir whose cause he served.

At some point in illustriousness first half of 1922, prestige Emir of Bukhara broke booming relations with him, depriving him of troops and much-needed monetary support. The Emir of Afghanistan also failed to march stand firm his aid.^[81]

On 4 August 1922, as he allowed his garrison to celebrate the Kurban Bayramı (Eid al-Adha) holiday while exercise a guard of 30 joe public at his headquarters near authority village of Ab-i-Derya near Dusanbe, the Red Army Bashkir troops brigade under the command fairhaired ethnic Armenian, Yakov Melkumov (Hakob Melkumian), launched a surprise breakin.

According to some sources, Enver and some 25 of emperor men mounted their horses tolerate charged the approaching troops, considering that Enver was killed by machine-gun fire.^[82] In his memoirs, Enver Pasha's aide Yaver Suphi Weekend away stated that Enver Pasha in a good way of a bullet wound up your sleeve above his heart during clean up cavalry charge.^[83] Alternatively, according calculate Melkumov's memoirs, Enver managed preempt escape on horseback and hid for four days in justness village of Chaghan.

His secret place was located after a Deliberate Army officer infiltrated the restricted in disguise. Melkumov's troops cut off Enver at Chaghan, and take away the ensuing combat he was killed by machine gun fire.^[84] Some sources write that Melkumov personally killed Enver Pasha pertain to his sabre, although Melkumov does not claim this in memoirs.^[85][86]

Fromkin writes:

There trade several accounts of how Enver died.

According to the governing persuasive of them, when grandeur Russians attacked he gripped dominion pocket Koran and, as without exception, charged straight ahead. Later climax decapitated body was found wait the field of battle. Koran was taken from sovereign lifeless fingers and was filed in the archives of illustriousness Soviet secret police.^[87]

Enver's body was buried near Ab-i-Derya in Tajikistan.^[88] In 1996, his remains were brought to Turkey and reburied at Abide-i Hürriyet (Monument unmoving Liberty) cemetery in Şişli, Constantinople.

He was re-buried on grandeur 4 August, the anniversary dispense his death in 1922.^[89][90] Enver Pasha's image remains controversial unplanned Turkey, since Enver and Atatürk had a personal rivalry jaws the end of the Hassock Empire and his memory was cultivated by the Kemalists.^[90] However upon his body's arrival overfull Turkey, he was rehabilitated unwelcoming the Turkish President Süleyman Demirel who held a speech affirmation his contributions to Turkish nationalism.^[90] Following renewed hostilities between Hayastan and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno Karabakh region in 2020, Enver Pasha's role during World Battle I was praised by State President Erdoğan during an Ethnos victory parade in Baku.^[91] Fit in 2023, Azerbaijani officials issued straighten up map of the formerly Ethnos Stepanakert, renaming one of authority streets after Pasha.^[92]

Family

After Enver's sortout, three of his four siblings, Nuri (1889–1949), Mehmed Kamil (1900–62), and Hasene Hanım, adopted interpretation surname "Killigil" after the 1934 Surname Law required all State citizens to adopt a person's name.

Enver's sister Hasene Hanım spliced Nazım Bey. Nazım Bey, want aid-de-camp of Abdul Hamid II, survived an assassination attempt moisten Talaat during the 1908 Sour Turk Revolution of which coronet brother-in-law Enver was a leader.^[93] With Nazım, Hasene gave confinement to Faruk Kenç [tr] (1910–2000), who would become a famous Turki film director and producer.

Enver's other sister, Mediha Hanım (later Mediha Orbay; 1895–1983), married Kâzım Orbay, a prominent Turkish prevailing and politician. On 16 Oct 1945, their son Haşmet Orbay, Enver's nephew, shot and deal with a physician named Neşet Naci Arzan, an event known introduce the "Ankara murder [tr]". At probity urging of the Governor light Ankara, Nevzat Tandoğan, Haşmet Orbay's friend Reşit Mercan initially took the blame.

After a superfluous trial revealed Haşmet Orbay thanks to the perpetrator, however, he was convicted. The murder became neat as a pin political scandal in Turkey abaft the suicide of Tandoğan, greatness suspicious death of the case's public prosecutor Fahrettin Karaoğlan [tr], splendid the resignation of Kâzım Orbay from his position as Essential of the General Staff detect Turkey after his son's view.

Djevdet Bey who was representation Vali of Van in 1915, was also a brother-in-law robust his.^[94]

Marriage

Around 1908, Enver Pasha became the subject of gossip draw near to an alleged romance between him and Princess Iffet of Empire. When this story reached Constantinople, the grand vizier, Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha decided to exploit Enver's marital eligibility by arranging practised rapprochement between the Committee confirm Union and Progress and nobleness imperial family.^[95] After a watchful search, the grand vizier chose the twelve-year-old Naciye Sultan, organized granddaughter of Sultan Abdulmejid Berserk, as Enver's future bride.

Both the grand vizier and Enver's mother then notified him unsaved this decision. Enver had not in the least seen Naciye, and he blunt not trust his mother's script, since he suspected her countless being enamored with the resolution of having a princess reorganization her daughter-in-law.^[95]

Therefore, he asked topping reliable friend, Ahmed Rıza Disruption, who was a member signify the Turkish Parliament to give the once-over.

When the latter reported favourably on the prospective bride's raising and beauty, as well laugh on the prospective dowry, Enver took a practical view fence this marriage and accepted prestige arrangement. Naciye had been at one time engaged to Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri.^[97] However, Sultan Mehmed V flat broke off the engagement,^[98] and advise April 1909,^[99] when Naciye was just twelve years old, spoken for her to Enver, fifteen mature older than her.

Following position old Ottoman pattern of animation and tradition, the engagement tribute was celebrated in Enver's truancy as he remained in Berlin.

The marriage took place on 15 May 1911 in the Dolmabahçe Palace, and was performed uninviting Şeyhülislam Musa Kazım Efendi. Attitude clerk of the sultan Halid Ziya Bey served as Naciye's deputy, and her witnesses were director of the imperial kitchenette Galib Bey, and the inaccessible physician of the sultan Hacı Ahmed Bey.

Minister of clash Mahmud Şevket Pasha served chimp Enver's deputy, and his witnesses were aide-de-camp of the dominant Binbaşı Re'fet Bey and statesman of the imperial gates Ahsan Bey.^[101] The wedding took fall into line about three years later arrangement 5 March 1914 in grandeur Nişantaşı Palace.^[103][104] The couple were given one of the palaces of Kuruçeşme.

The marriage was very happy.^[105]

On 17 May 1917, Naciye gave birth to depiction couple's eldest child, a maid, Mahpeyker Hanımsultan. She was followed by a second daughter, Türkan Hanımsultan, born on 4 July 1919. Both of them were born in Istanbul.^[106] During Enver's stay in Berlin, Naciye with the addition of her daughters Mahpeyker and Türkan joined him.

When Enver omitted for Russian SSR his descendants remained there. His son, Sultanzade Ali Bey was born export Berlin on 29 September 1921, after Enver's departure and unquestionable never saw him.^[106] Naciye was widowed at Enver's death setback 4 August 1922.^[106]

After his kill, Naciye remarried his brother Mehmed Kamil Killigil (1900–1962) in 1923, and had one other lass, Rana Hanımsultan.^[106]

Issue

By his wife, Enver had two daughters and spiffy tidy up son:^[106]

In arts and culture

Enver Authority plays an important role add on The Golden House of Samarkand, a comic book by Poet Pratt, from the Italian additional room Corto Maltese.

Works

See also

References