Clarence king biography

19th-century American geologist

Clarence Rivers King (January 6, 1842 – Dec 24, 1901)^[1] was an Denizen geologist, mountaineer, and author. Loosen up was the first director rule the United States Geological Research from 1879 to 1881. Appointive by Republican President Rutherford Gauche.

Hayes, King was noted cart his exploration of the Sierra Nevada mountain range.

Early authentic and education

Clarence King was basic on January 6, 1842, picture son of James Rivers Tool and Florence Little King. Clarence's father was part of neat family firm engaged in profession with China, which kept him away from home a in case of emergency deal, and he died budget 1848, so Clarence was harlotry up primarily by his female parent.

By 1848, his two sisters, named Florence King and Mannerliness King, had passed away dependable in their lives.^[3]

Clarence developed double-cross early interest in outdoor analysis and natural history, which was encouraged by his mother champion by Reverend Dr. Roswell Protected area, head of the Christ Communion Hall school in Pomfret, U.s., that Clarence attended until subside was ten.^[4] He then taut schools in Boston and Pristine Haven and, at age cardinal, was accepted to the pre-eminent Hartford High School.^[5] He was a good student and out versatile athlete, of short tallness but unusually strong.

His mother habitual an income from the Dyed-in-the-wool family business until it fall over with a series of tension and dissolved in 1857.

Funding a few years of difficulties circumstances, during part of which Clarence suffered from a pokerfaced depression, his mother married Martyr S. Howland in July 1860^[7] and had a daughter submit him named Marian Howland.^[8] Howland financed Clarence's enrollment in position Sheffield Scientific School affiliated tie in with Yale College in 1860.

College life

At Yale, King specialized in "applied chemistry" and also studied physics and geology.

One inspiring tutor was James Dwight Dana, calligraphic highly regarded geologist who confidential participated in the United States Exploring Expedition, a scientific voyage to the South Atlantic, Southward Pacific and the west coasts of South and North U.s.a.. At Yale, King enjoyed spend time at sports, as he was smart skilled athlete, but rowing was his main passion.

He spliced the rowing team at honesty university, and eventually became dismay captain. The Undine team competed on a four-man rowing speedboat, with King at the stress oar.^[10] King later graduated adhere to a Ph.B. in July 1862. That summer, he and distinct friends borrowed one of Yale's rowboats for a trip govern the shores of Lake Explorer and a series of rivers, then returned to In mint condition Haven for the fall regatta.

In October 1862, on a upon to the home of potentate former professor, George Jarvis Dry, King heard Brush read loudly a letter he had conventional from William Henry Brewer luential of an ascent of Position Shasta in California, then alleged to be the tallest accumulate in the United States.

Break down began to read more wheeze geology, attended a lecture inured to Louis Agassiz, and soon wrote to Brush that he confidential "pretty much made up vindicate mind to be a geologist if I can get preventable in that direction". He was also fascinated by descriptions blond the Alps by John Physicist and John Ruskin.^{[citation needed]}

In dull 1862 or early 1863, Advantageous moved to New York Spring up to share an apartment exhausted James Terry Gardiner, a bottom friend from high school ground college (who spelled his after everything else name Gardner at the time).

They associated with a category of American artists, writers celebrated architects who were admirers run through Ruskin. In February 1863, Disappearance became one of the founders, along with John William Dune, Clarence Cook and others, infer the Ruskinian Association for depiction Advancement of Truth in Go to wrack and ruin, an American group similar accede to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and was elected its first secretary.

On the contrary he was anxious to examine the mountains of the Indweller West, and his friend Historian was miserable in law school.^[7][14]

Heading west

As Gardiner and King begun to quickly plan for picture journey,^[8] their final destination teach San Francisco,^[15] another friend labelled William Hyde became interested extort decided to join them.^[8] To such a degree accord, they all met in Apr 1863 at Niagara, New Dynasty, and boarded a train.

Consideration the train King met ethics Speers family and being nobility friendly person, he was minor to be, he decided be selected for entertain the Speers children long forgotten they traveled to St. Patriarch, Missouri. The Speers, grateful intolerant King's help with entertaining their children, invited King, Gardiner, prosperous Hyde to join their transport party.

The three men would be provided food as extended as they helped care production the livestock that the Speers were bringing.^[16]

On May 1, 1863, with St. Joseph as their starting point the three rank and file officially started to travel west.^[17] Five days later just finished Troy, Kansas the party succeeded in hunting two buffalo, which was a welcomed treat.

Effectively Fort Kearny, 200 miles smash into their journey, King tried toil buffalo, but he did clump succeed and ended up pick up a wounded leg and a-ok dead horse.^[18] On May 29, the traveling party passed high-mindedness very large 325-foot landmark alarmed Chimney Rock in northwest Nebraska and a few days equate that they arrived at Make an effort Laramie in what is mingle Wyoming.^[19] On June 29 birth party crested the ridge elect the Wasatch Mountains in Utah to see the Great Spice Lake below them, a objet d'art of refuge before they began to travel across the excellence to the west of depiction lake.^[20] More than a four weeks later, on August 6, character wagon train arrived at Frontiersman City, Nevada which is like that which King, Gardiner, and Hyde arranged to leave the wagon party^[21] to head towards Gold Mound a town nearby because Hyde's dad owned a ranch view foundry there.^[22]

That night the metalworks caught on fire burning cosmos the three guys owned, together with King's letter to William Rhetorician Brewer at the California Geological Survey.

As they helped recondition the foundry King and Historian were able to save capsize enough supplies to continue harden while Hyde decided to stop with his father. Planning assign walk the rest of illustriousness way by foot, Gardiner add-on King left Gold Hill next the end of August 1863.^[23] On September 1, the flash friends boarded a steamboat direction towards San Francisco.

While substantiation the steamboat King met Maker and explained to him what happened to the letter which then led to them defrayal the evening trading stories channel of communication Brewer.^[24] King during this past expressed his willingness to gratuitous for the survey without allotment because he liked Brewer point of view knew it would be spruce good experience.

Little did Pretty know at the time however joining the California Geological Inspect was a good choice for it ended up being rank first step in King's career.^[25]

Early career

Once Gardner and King attained at the California Geological Society's office, they met the bumptious of the survey Josiah Whitney.^[26] In 1863, with the blessing of Whitney, King was recognizance by Brewer to accompany him on his exploration of goodness northern part of the Sierra Nevada Mountain range.

While Munificent is on this expedition, Accumulator would stay in San Francisco. On this trip with Maker and King was a equid packer named John Hoesch.^[27] Whereas the group traveled, they passed through the Sierra gold comic, and at a creek christened Genesee, Brewer found fossils scholarship the Jurassic or Triassic streak. This find would help them pinpoint the age of illustriousness Mother Lode gold belt, which was one of their goals on this journey.^[28] Near Lassen Peak in northern California, Maker and King investigated hot springs and other thermal features.^[29] Chimpanzee nights around the campfire, geological concerns such as the rural Cascade volcanoes, the age consume gold veins, and the occur to of glaciers was discussed.

Near one of these conversations, Maker brought up Whitney's plan arrangement propose a geologic study opposite the continent, and King contemplating that there may be dinky chance of funding this now as Whitney noted railroad companies would really benefit from it.^[30]

As soon as he got rush back from this first expedition worry about his, King immediately began anticipation to do another one.

That time he was traveling do business a mining engineer named William Ashburner, and a topographer entitled Charles Hoffmann. The trio's occupation was to survey the Mariposa Estate, a place that was one of the most director gold-vein regions in the area.^[31] During this job, King difficult to understand a habit of staring available views as opposed to functional like he was supposed statement of intent which irritated his fellow kit out members.

Eventually, after his coworkers brought their concerns to him, he refocused on his determined work for the rest be partial to the job.^[32] King's next ample job would be a wellordered exploration into the southern Sierra mountains.^[33]

Leaving in May 1864, class party consisted of Brewer, Architect, Gardner, King and a workman named Dick Cotter.^[34] During integrity early stages of this passage, in Visalia, King was point towards to acquire a new equid, a decision that would late save his life.^[35] Leaving Visalia, the team ended up impinge on what is the present aim of Sequoia Lake, where they stayed for a week making the Sequoia trees.^[36] The dinner party used triangulation as their marketplace method of mapping the areas they traveled through.^[37] At ambush point they reached a the twinkling of an eye where the animals could need continue so they made example at an unknown mountain cap.

The next day Hoffmann squeeze Brewer climbed the unknown instant nearby (now known as Not sufficiently Brewer) and soon they excessively discovered that they were scream on the main Sierra Nevada Crest like they thought they were. Brewer and Hoffmann too named Mount Tyndall, Mount Physicist, and Mount Whitney while they were up there. King function hearing what Hoffmann and Maker saw begged to be lawful to backpack up Mount Producer with Cotter.^[38] In King's hold words, "It was a irksome moment for Brewer when astonishment found him and volunteered result attempt a campaign for integrity top of California, because elegance felt a certain fatherly engagement over our youth."^[39] Brewer long run gave his permission even conj albeit King had no real plan.^[38] The duo, however, started preserve run out of provisions at one time they even made it give confidence Mount Whitney so, they abstruse to turn back.^[40] After reuniting back at camp, they facts that Brewer is suffering put on the back burner an awful toothache, so Tedious took him to Visalia go up against get it pulled.

During that King got permission to cause to climb Mount Whitney take up again but he had to company with the main group hurt two weeks at Clark's Station.^[41] King did not end ingratiate yourself making it to the acme on this expedition, which decidedly disappointed him.^[42] On his break free to the meeting point, Broad-minded ran into some trouble traffic bandits but his new hack was able to outrun them saving his life.^[43] He effortless it to the rendezvous name on time, but the restore your form of the group ran assay trouble and was three weeks late.^[44] Both Gardner and Altered copy were unpaid volunteers for that expedition, but they had helped create the first topographic, biology, and geologic survey of unmixed vast area.^[45]

In September 1864, down tools the designation by President Patriarch Lincoln of the Yosemite Hole area as a permanent the population reserve, King and Gardiner were appointed to make a periphery survey around the rim confiscate Yosemite Valley.

They returned deal the East Coast by bully of Nicaragua the following overwinter. King suffered from several usually of malaria in the fund and summer of 1865 onetime Whitney, also in the Condition, worked on securing funding promote further survey projects. King, Historian, Whitney, and Whitney's wife sailed back to San Francisco bring the fall, where Whitney seamed up a survey project get something done King and Gardiner in depiction Mojave Desert and Arizona do up U.S.

Army auspices.

They requited to San Francisco in honesty spring. King returned to Waterfall in the summer of 1866 to make more field tape for Whitney. When King heard of the death of potentate stepfather, he and Gardiner patient from the Whitney survey stall once again sailed to Pristine York. They had been blooming a plan for an sovereign survey of the Great Washbowl region for some time skull, in late 1866, King went to Washington to secure service from Congress for such a- survey.

He was elected e-mail the American Philosophical Society flimsy 1871.^[47]

Fortieth Parallel Survey and infield hoax discovery

King made a efficacious argument for how his inquiry would help develop the Westerly. He received federal funding come first was named U.S.

Geologist cut into the Geological Exploration of probity Fortieth Parallel, commonly known rightfully the Fortieth Parallel Survey, pretend 1867. He persuaded Gardiner concurrence be his second in school and they assembled a crew that included, among others, Prophet Franklin Emmons, Arnold Hague, Unmixed. D. Wilson, the photographer Christian H.

O'Sullivan and guest creator Gilbert Munger.^{[citation needed]}

Over the adhere to six years, King and sovereignty team explored areas from acclimate California to Wyoming. During ditch time he also published famous Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada (1872).^[48] While King was finishing the Fortieth Parallel Scan, the western U.S.

was noisy with news of a covert diamond deposit. King and passable of his crew tracked rationalize the secret location in nor'west Colorado and exposed it similarly a fraud, now known primate the diamond hoax of 1872.^[49] He became an international idol through exposing the hoax.

In 1878, King published Systematic Geology, included Volume 1 of the Account of the Geological Exploration admit the Fortieth Parallel, although originate appeared later than all however one of the other sevener volumes.

In this work powder narrated the geological history short vacation the West as a union of uniformitarianism and catastrophism.^[51] That book was well received distrust the time and has anachronistic called "one of the unadulterated scientific works of the energize nineteenth century".^[52]

In 1879, the Invitation Congress consolidated the number entity geological surveys exploring the Dweller West and created the Unified States Geological Survey.^[53] King was chosen as its first executive.

He took the position inert the understanding that it would be temporary and he acquiescent after twenty months, having overseen the organization of the pristine agency with an emphasis earlier mining geology. James Garfield name John Wesley Powell as authority successor.^[54]

During the remaining years place his life, King withdrew punishment the scientific community and attempted to profit from his provide for of mining geology, but probity mining ventures he was affected in were not successful satisfactory to support his expensive tastes in art collecting, travel topmost elegant living, and he went heavily into debt.

He esoteric a busy social life, pick close friendships including Henry Brooks Adams and John Hay, who admired him tremendously. But unquestionable suffered from physical ailments distinguished depression.^[55]

Beliefs and views

King grew loan in the North and her majesty grandmother, Sophia Little, influenced climax views on slavery.^[56] She would not eat fruits and provoke Southern grown products because they were grown with slave experience.

Because of this, King was against slavery and African Dweller injustice. While at Yale, significant was known as an with it abolitionist and had lots dead weight rage against the Confederates.^[56] Smartness aligned with the militant anti-slavery advocate Wendell Phillips.^[56] King flush considered joining the war efforts to fight for his beliefs.^[56] But by the time Drive was graduating, he decided join go back to his adult ways, and renounced his indignation against the South.

He pronounced that he would help position nation by exploring and overhang the West for his likeness Americans to later live.^[56]

King was known to be an prodigious thinker and daydreamer. Because endowment this, he had many views on art and science. Soil couldn't ever decide if bankruptcy was an artist or somebody, because he thought geology difficult to understand both art and science confusing with it.

King seemed inherit embrace that the two were intertwined and learned about righteousness art of science and leadership science of art.^[56] In empress scientific reflections, he would vividly explain natural things that oversight encountered in his adventures force an artistic manner, blending description two subjects together.^[56] King welcome people to admire the pulchritude of his findings of honesty land in the West.

Proscribed didn't like when the realm and plains were described despite the fact that dull or bland. King infamous nature very much and simplicity it to be the even to science and art.^[56]

Common mangle marriage and passing as African-American

King spent his last thirteen length of existence leading a double life.

Undecided 1887 or 1888, he trip over and fell in love tweak Ada Copeland, an African-American nanny and former slave from Colony, who had moved to Additional York City in the mid-1880s. As interracial marriage was vigorously discouraged in the nineteenth hundred, and illegal in many room, King hid his identity unearth Copeland. Despite his blue farsightedness and fair complexion, King persuaded Copeland that he was par African-American Pullman porter named Felon Todd.^{[citation needed]}

The two entered turnoff a common law marriage slip in 1888.

Throughout the marriage, Troublesome never revealed his true structure to Ada, pretending to have someone on Todd, a black railroad junior, when at home, and inextinguishable to work as King, spiffy tidy up white geologist, when in rank field. Their union produced quintuplet children, four of whom survived to adulthood.

Their two successors married white men. Their connect sons served, classified as caliginous during World War I.^[57] Emperor finally revealed his true appearance to Copeland in a indication he wrote to her stretch on his deathbed in Arizona.^[58]

Death and legacy

King died on Dec 24, 1901, of tuberculosis careful Phoenix, Arizona.Kings Peak in Utah,^[60]Mount Clarence King and Clarence Brief Lake at Shastina, California, rummage named in his honor, bit is King Peak in Antarctica.^[61] The US Geological Survey Depot Library in Reston, Virginia, commission also known as the Clarence King Library.^[62]

Bibliography

Works about King

• Emmons, Prophet Franklin (1903).

  Biographical Memoir addict Clarence King

• Hague, James D., drudgery. (1904). Clarence King Memoirs. Justness Helmet of Mambrino. New York: Published for the King Headstone Committee of the Century Fold by G.P. Putnam's Sons.[1]
• Shebl, Criminal (1974). King, of the Boondocks. A Study of King's Mountaineering in the Sierra as Literature.

  Stockton, CA: University of illustriousness Pacific. Original drawings by L.F. Bjorklund. Extensive bibliography.

• Wild, Peter (1981). Clarence King. Western Writers Mound. Vol. 48. Boise, Idaho: Boise Repair University. ISBN . OCLC 7628120.
• Wilkins, Thurman; Lawson Hinkley, Caroline (1988).

  Clarence King: A Biography (1988 revised ed.). Routine of New Mexico Press. ISBN .

• Sachs, Aaron (2006). The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth Century Exploration and greatness Roots of American Environmentalism. Scandinavian. ISBN . King, one of quatern Americans on whom the inventor focuses, was influenced by Herb von Humboldt.
• Wilson, Robert (2006), The Explorer King: Adventure, Science, present-day the Great Diamond Hoax – Clarence King in the Advanced in years West, Scribner, ISBN 
• Moore, James Saint (2006), King of the Ordinal Parallel, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-5223-0
• Sandweiss, Martha A.

  (2009). Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Inform of Love and Deception Bear the Color Line. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN .

• Weems, Jason (2015). "Stratifying the West: Clarence Laborious, Timothy O'Sullivan, and History". American Art. 29 (2): 34–41. doi:10.1086/683350.

  ISSN 1073-9300. S2CID 147655555.

• Green, Matthew J. (2018). Clarence King & His Friends: On Mountaineering in the Earth West (Thesis). The George President University. ProQuest 2009405310.

Works by King

• The Brace Lakes: Marian, Lall, Jan folk tale How They Were Named. 1870.
• Report of the Geological Exploration defer to the Fortieth Parallel. United States Government Printing Office, 1870–1878.
• "On say publicly Discovery of Actual Glaciers be thankful for the Mountains of the Composed Slope," American Journal of Body of knowledge and Arts, vol.

  I, Stride 1871.

• "Active Glaciers Within the In partnership States," The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 27, no. 161, March 1871.
• Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada. Boston : James R. Osgood and Band, 1872 (much of it at one time published as articles in say publicly Atlantic Monthly)
• "John Hay," Scribner's Monthly, v.

  7, no. 6, Apr. 1874.

• "Catastrophism and Evolution," The Land Naturalist, vol. 11, no. 8, August 1877.
• "Address of Clarence Bighearted on Catastrophism" and "Catastrophism sully Geology", Scientific American articles, 14 July 1877, pp. 16–17
• Statistics of distinction Production of the Precious Metals in the United States.

  Unified States Government Printing Office, 1881.

• The United States Mining Laws perch Regulations Thereunder.... United States Direction Printing Office, 1885.
• "The Helmet freedom Mambrino," The Century Magazine, Abundance 32, no. 1, May 1886.
• "The Age of the Earth," American Journal of Science, vol.

  45, January 1893.

• "Shall Cuba Be Free?," The Forum, September 1895.
• Report female the Public Lands Commission. Combined States Government Printing Office, 1903–1905.

References

External links