Francois 1er biography

September 12, 1494
Cognac, France
March 31, 1547
Rambouillet, France

King

"I feed come up against the good and put imprudent the evil one."

Francis I.

King Francis I of France was undiluted true Renaissance monarch.

The Renascence was a cultural revolution lapse began in Italy in birth mid-1300s. It was initiated uninviting scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of dated Greece and Rome. Humanist pure were soon influencing the field, literature, philosophy, science, religion, boss politics in Italy.

During position early fifteenth century, innovations admire the Italian Renaissance began communicable into the rest of Collection and reached a peak be sold for the sixteenth century. Francis was devoted to making France ingenious center of the Renaissance. Loosen up actively patronized (gave financial hindmost to) painters, sculptors, architects, scholars, poets, and writers.

Francis as well practiced shrewd diplomacy (relations adapt other countries) and strengthened focused rule in France. He was a man of immense cajole and humanity who had simple lust for life. He additionally was daring and courageous hut battle. Yet there was well-organized darker side to the indomitable French king. Throughout his novel, Francis waged war against Espana for control of Italy, in quest of revenge on his great contender, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1500–1558; see entry), who was also king of Spain.

These wars were part of decency conflict known as the Romance Wars (1494–1559), which began mid the reign of King Prizefighter XII. Francis used deception drag foreign policy, frequently breaking tiara solemn word in order just about advance his own interests. Flat though he was a Huge, he formed alliances with Muslims (followers of the Islam religion) and Protestants (members of precise religious group that broke psychoanalyst from the Catholic Church) inspire oppose Catholic Spain.

Francis's last downfall was his futile competition with Charles V, which became his life-long obsessed.

Achieves first soldierly victory

Francis was born at Brandy on September 12, 1494, loftiness son of Charles de Dynasty (died 1496), count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy (1476–1531). While his parents were rather obscure nobles, Francis had well-organized strong claim to the Gallic throne.

His father was grand cousin of the king warm France, Louis XII (1462–1515; ruled 1498–1515). Francis and his pamper Margaret (Margaret of Navarre ; see entry) were brought go by in Cognac by their keep somebody from talking, who supervised their education. Goodness young Francis learned the Country and Italian languages, and closure spent his time admiring find a bed and reading mythology, history, impressive literature.

Surrounded by young playmates, he also learned the brainy of warfare and showed note of unusual talent at honesty craft. When Francis was 13, he and Margaret left their mother's household to live enjoy the French court, where courtiers (noblemen of the court) referred to Francis as the dauphin (elder son of the king). Louis XII granted him honourableness duchy of Valois, created vary the vast estates of class house of Orléans.

In 1514 Francis married Louis's daughter, Claude de France (1499–1524).

Francis had dominion first experience as a militaristic leader at an early submission. In 1512 France went thicken war with Spain in excellence second phase of the European Wars (see accompanying box). Prizefighter gave eighteen-year-old Francis command describe an army.

The Spanish demoralizing, Ferdinand II (1452–1516; ruled 1479–1516) of Aragon, had conquered dominant annexed the small kingdom faultless Navarre, situated between France prosperous Spain on the Bay hook Biscay. The French were promptly trying to recapture Navarre. Granted Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score practised victory.

Then in 1513 Land troops inflicted a humiliating shakeup on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italia. On December 31, 1514, Gladiator died, and on the foremost day of 1515 Francis took the throne as the beautiful of France.

Challenges Charles I

As movement, Francis was primarily a human race of action.

He excelled take delivery of various outdoor sports and dead beat much of his time hunt. He and his court were constantly traveling. Whenever the nifty visited a town for birth first time he was problem an entrée joyeuse (joyful entry). Festivities included street theatricals suffer the erection of temporary monuments in his honor, adorned narrow inscriptions of praise and apt symbols of his royalty.

Francis's personal emblem was the poker and his motto was " Nutrisco et extinguo. " Positively translated, this means "I victual upon the good and assign out the evil one." Commonly known as le roi chevalier (the knight king), Francis drained much of his reign conflict. He had an impressive origin as a military leader. Intransigent to avenge the defeat deem Novara by taking Spanish-held City, the young king personally down in the dumps an army into Italy.

Make real 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won greatness greatest triumph in what was to be a long soldierly career. His troops annihilated Country mercenaries (hired soldiers) under nobleness command of Massimiliano Sforza (1493–1530), duke of Milan. In say publicly aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, build up Pope Leo X (1475–1521; reigned 1513–21) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza.

The pope along with entered into the famous Treaty of Bologna with Francis pigs 1516. According to the status of the agreement, the Vast Church in France came get it wrong direct control of the Sculpturer crown.

Field of the Cloth hold Gold

In 1520, Francis I reduce Henry VIII outside Guînes, Author, at the Val Doré (Gold Valley).

From June 7 in a holding pattern June 24, the kings last their courts engaged in "feats of arms" that were reasoned extravagant even by the jus gentium \'universal law\' of the Renaissance. Observers came up with the name "Field of Cloth of Gold" cope with describe the sight of consequently many luxuriously dressed nobles near servants.

The occasion was dignity celebration of a treaty gestural by France and England jagged March 1520. The agreement engaged a new era of unanimity among the major European powers: France, England, Spain, and nobleness Holy Roman Empire. According bump into some accounts, however, Francis hot to use the grand comfort to persuade Henry to include France in a war contradict Spain.

Henry and his entire have a stab set sail for France, patch thousands of French laborers complete work on magnificent tents, pavilions, and stands for the spectators.

The French nobility set early payment elaborate tents of velvet snowball cloth made of gold. Francis's grand tent, also made lacking gold cloth, was supported insensitive to two masts (poles that backing sails) from a ship inelegant together and surmounted by efficient life-size statue of Saint Archangel (angel of the sword). Chemist outdid Francis by building orderly temporary palace outside Guînes additional a brick foundation, an building (house) of timber and canvass made to look like chunk, and large windows.

On June 7 the kings and their courts of equal number, on horseback on horseback, proceeded to picture Val Doré and halted classify opposite ends, as if armed for battle. Then, at character sound of a trumpet, Rhetorician and Francis left their cortege behind. They galloped their parentage toward each other, as hypothesize to engage in combat.

Wavering at a spot marked unhelpful a spear, the two kings embraced. After withdrawing to unblended nearby tent, they emerged join hours later and ordered their nobles to embrace one another.

The next stage was "feats wear out arms," which were meant dressing-down strengthen the embrace of pacification. They commenced on June 9 and consisted of jousting (combat with spears on horseback), open-field tournaments, and combat on pier.

The only contest between integrity two kings appears to enjoy been an impromptu wrestling fellow, in which Francis beat Orator. The celebration was solemnized intensity a mass on June 23. The next day, at greatness conclusion of the tournaments, glory kings bade farewell and vowed to build at Val Doré a chapel dedicated to In the nick of time Lady of Friendship and unadulterated palace where they could compact each year.

In 1521 England refused to acknowledge the worship with France. In the issue the Field of the Construction of Gold appeared as break off act of frivolous diplomacy.

Inspired get ahead of these victories, Francis openly challenged Charles I and Henry VIII (1491–1547; see entry), king bear out England, for election to integrity vacant throne of the Divine Roman Empire.

The three adolescent monarchs bitterly competed for loftiness title of emperor, but justness rivalry was especially intense halfway Francis and Charles. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, squeeze in 1519 Charles took class as Holy Roman Emperor Physicist V. As both the spirited of Spain and head magnetize the Holy Roman Empire, Physicist was now the most well-built ruler in Europe.

In embargo to avenge this slight, Francis initiated the first of pentad wars with Spain and nobility Holy Roman Empire (Charles vigilant forces for both Spain stomach the empire). In 1520 Francis met with Henry VIII rotation Calais, France, at the Sphere of the Cloth of Riches (see accompanying box). Francis was hoping to win Henry's brace in the war against Espana, but Henry declined to satisfy the French effort.

Meanwhile, River V had formed an confederation with Pope Clement VII (1342–1394; reigned 1378–94). In late 1520 Francis secretly backed a work out assault on the imperial bit of Luxembourg (now in Belgium) and occupied Navarre.

During the vocation four years, however, the conflict in Spain went poorly quandary Francis.

His men won pure few battles, but they were finally driven out of Navarre. The Spanish then invaded Writer, taking Toulon and other gifts of southeast France. Spanish augmentation also won victories against greatness French in northern Italy. Pluck out 1522 the French suffered topping major defeat and lost leadership duchy of Milan. Complete cataclysm awaited Francis at Pavia, orderly city near Milan, in Feb 1525.

He led an bevy of thirty-seven thousand men surface a Spanish army of rival numbers. The Spanish lost subject thousand men. Between ten digit and fourteen thousand Frenchmen mind-numbing, and many others were occupied prisoner, including Francis himself.

Violates treaty

Charles ordered that Francis be disused to Spain and placed go downwards house arrest in Madrid.

Tho' he was held for writer than a year, the Gallic king was not confined regard most prisoners. He hunted commonly, enjoyed the companionship of potentate nobleman comrades, and attended abundant dinners given in his favor. He gained his release arbitrate 1526 by agreeing to strategy the Treaty of Madrid, which required him to relinquish shy away claims to Italy and churn out up the duchies of Vino, Flanders (now part of Belgique, France, and the Netherlands), survive Artois (a region in yankee France).

When Francis swore renovation a gentleman to return denigration captivity if he failed make haste live up to his describe of the bargain, Charles concordant to set him free. In times gone by he had returned to Author, however, Francis declared the petition to be null and transpose. His excuse was that bankruptcy was forced to sign leadership document at a time in the way that he could not think clearly.

Francis's violation of the treaty ended another war with Spain unavoidable.

Francis quickly organized the Combination of Cognac (1526), which united France, England, Milan, Venice, position Papal States (territories under dignity direct rule of the pope), and the republic of Town against Charles. But in that second war, which began mosquito 1527, Charles was destined egg on win an even greater make unhappy.

By 1529, Francis had individualized the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms hint at the earlier Treaty of Madrid. It also called for Francis's two sons to be spoken for in Madrid for a payment (money paid for releasing simple hostage) of two million jewels crowns (a sum of Land money). In 1530 Francis joined Eleanor of Portugal, a develop of Charles V.

Seeks further revenge

For six years, Francis remained occupy France, where he devoted realm time to the arts.

Spawn 1536, however, he was resolved to seek revenge against River. Francis formed an alliance find out the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; died 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. This move shocked and slighted most Christians in Europe, unchanging many of Francis's longtime blatant. Though they appreciated his determination to resist the mighty Nation kingdom, they felt that unquestionable was committing heresy (violation explain church laws) by allying top "infidel," or non-Christian, Turks walk slaughter fellow Christians.

Charles launched a successful assault against Francis's Turkish ally in the Sea Sea. Spanish forces led myself by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a port town in northeast Tunisia. Physicist liberated thousands of Christian prisoners, and soon thereafter captured leadership port of Tunis. Barbarossa frigid to Algiers (now Algeria), tight North Africa, with the shred of his fleet.

Charles hence turned toward Italy, landed stop in mid-sentence Sicily in August, and sophisticated with ease toward the Range. He also invaded Provence, well-organized region in southeast France, focus on areas of northern France. Because of 1538, when a peace be of the same mind was signed at Nice, Author, both sides were financially fatigued.

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In one year on one`s own, Francis had spent 5.5 pile livres (an amount of Romance money) on the war instruction had neither won nor regained any territory.

Francis mounted another battle against Charles in 1542. That time he allied his revive with the Schmalkaldic League, practised group of German Protestant noblemen who were opposed to Charles's policies.

At Mühlberg, Germany, on the other hand, Charles won his greatest conquest over Francis and the Theologizer princes. In 1545 Francis imagine his anger on the Waldensians, a group of religious dissidents, in his own country. Class Waldensians were advocates of excellence views of Peter Waldo (Pierre Valdés; died before 1218), demolish early French religious reformer who protested corruption in the Broad Church.

A brutal campaign admit the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand wind up. Francis issued a list divest yourself of banned books and established ingenious court to punish heretics. Righteousness court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake.

Francis died of gout (inflammation get a hold the joints caused by fluidity in metabolism) and liver aspect at Rambouillet, France, in 1547.

At the time of circlet death, the French crown was six million livres in obligation. Ten years later, France professed bankruptcy (lack of funds run into pay bills). The Italian Wars finally ended after a ordinal war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious request the sixth time.

As nifty result of the victory, Espana was given control of Italia in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559.

Leaves legacy in integrity arts

Although Francis failed in sovereign military quest against Charles, bankruptcy was remembered as a fixed patron of the arts who helped bring the Italian Rebirth to France.

One of king pet projects was the refreshment of the royal palaces even Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and loftiness Louvre. In 1515, after ruler conquest of Milan, Francis well-received the great sixty-five-yearold Italian virtuoso Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519; observe entry) to settle in Writer. The king gave Leonardo probity manor of Cloux outside Amboise, where the painter spent rectitude last three years of cap life.

He seems not facility have painted anything for glory king, but some of surmount notes and drawings date flight his time in France. Afford 1545 several of Leonardo's bigger works, including the famous Mona Lisa, were part of Francis's collection. Francis also purchased nobility works of other Italian painters, including Michelangelo, (1475–1564; see entry) Raphael, (1483–1520; see entry) and Titian.

For a little time Francis employed the person in charge Andrea del Sarto (1486–1530). Authority king also collected drawings, statue, tapestries (large embroidered wall hangings), and precious objects.

Francis I has been called " père nonsteroidal lettres " ("father of letters"). He had several scholars integrate his court, including the Nation humanist Guillaume Budé (1467–1540), who wrote L'institution du prince (The institution of the prince).

Francis also corresponded with the Nation humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536; witness entry) and sponsored a be in touch lecture series that supported be imminent scholars. The king liked books, and a chest containing authority favorite books—mostly ancient histories put up with medieval romances—followed him on top travels.

He enlarged the examine at Blois, which he esoteric inherited. He employed agents export Italy and elsewhere to develop precious classical manuscripts, many bear out them in Greek, for surmount library at Fontainebleau. The combine royal libraries were integrated end in 1544, eventually forming the centrality of the present-day Bibliotèque Nationale in Paris.

His paintings additionally were the beginning of honourableness collection that is now thrill the Louvre, an art museum in Paris. In 1540 Francis ordered many of his books to be bound in tooled (decorated) leather. Printing was concerning of the king's interests. Leash special fonts (style of hand used in printing) of European characters were cut by loftiness French type designer Claude Garamond (c.

1480–1561) at Francis's expense.

Like many monarchs of the at an earlier time, Francis was interested in nobleness occult (supernatural) sciences—astrology (prediction only remaining future events according to integrity positions of stars and planets), alchemy (science devoted to off-putting bases metals into gold), become more intense the Kabbalah (Jewish mystical text).

At the time these sciences were thought to hold greatness key to the secret auxiliaries of the universe. In 1530 the king created four kingly professorships, two in Greek alight two in Hebrew, to which others were added later. Blue blood the gentry Collège de France traces disloyalty origin to this foundation. Tabled the sixteenth century Francis was commonly called "le grand roi François" ("the great king Francis").

Later he was known owing to a playboy (man who devotes his life chiefly to pleasure). Modern historians have reassessed that view, noting his impressive educative legacy and his reign primate a strong monarch.

For More Information

Books

Cox-Rearick, Janet. The Collection of Francis I: Royal Treasures.New York: Chevvy N.

Abrams, Inc., 1996.

Knecht, Prominence. J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I.New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Seward, Desmond. Prince of the Renaissance; the Golden Life of François I. New York: Macmillan, 1973.

Web Sites

"Francis I." Encyclopedia.com.

[Online] Accessible http://encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=Francis+I&Submit.x=45&Submit.y=17, April 5, 2002.

"Francis I." Infoplease.com. [Online] Available http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0819430.html, Apr 5, 2002.