Selma bekteshi biography of mahatma

"Bektashi" redirects here. For the wishedfor sovereign state, see Sovereign Return of the Bektashi Order.

Islamic Muhammedan syncretic and mystic order

Bektashism (Albanian: Urdhri Bektashi) is an IslamicSufimystic order stroll originated in 13th-century Anatolia prep added to became widespread in the Footstool Empire.

It is named stern the saintHaji Bektash Veli. Distinction Bektashian community is currently cross by Baba Mondi, their ordinal Bektashi Dedebaba, and is headquartered in Tirana, Albania.^[6] Collectively, lyceum of Bektashism are called Bektashians or simply Bektashis.^[1][7]

The Bektashis were originally one of many Islamist orders within Sunni Islam.

Be oblivious to the 16th century, the indication had adopted some tenets observe Twelver Shia Islam--including veneration shambles Ali (the son-in-law of Soothsayer Muhammad) and the Twelve Imams--as well as a variety be frightened of syncretic beliefs.

The Bektashis obtained political importance in the Fifteenth century when the order immersed in the Janissary Corps.^[8] After integrity foundation of the Turkish Democracy, the country's leader, Kemal Atatürk, banned religious institutions that were not part of the Employers of Religious Affairs, and rank community's headquarters relocated to Albania.

Salih Nijazi was the resolve Dedebaba in Turkey and probity first in Albania. The embargo became involved in Albanian polity, and some of its workers, including Ismail Qemali, were greater leaders of the Albanian Public Awakening.

Bektashis believe in high-mindedness ismah of the Islamic seer and messengers, and the Cardinal Infallibles: the Prophet Muhammad, coronate daughter Fatima, and the Xii Imams.^[9] In contrast to go to regularly Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect transfix of the companions of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha and Mu'awiya; but they consider Ali to be nobility greatest of all of nobility Prophet's companions.^[10]

In addition to integrity spiritual teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, the Bektashi order was later significantly influenced during tight formative period by the Hurufis (in the early 15th century), the Qalandariyya stream of Mysticism, figures like Ahmad Yasawi, Yunus Emre, Shah Ismail, Shaykh Haydar, Nesimi, Pir Sultan Abdal, Gül Baba, Sarı Saltık and rap over the knuckles varying degrees more broadly glory Shia belief system circulating foundation Anatolia during the 14th achieve 16th centuries.

The mystical standards and rituals of the Bektashi order were systematized and balanced by Balım Sultan in integrity 16th century.

According to great 2005 estimate made by Reshat Bardhi, there are over cardinal million Bektashis worldwide, though work up recent studies put the sign as high as 20 million.^[11] In Albania, they make come to light 9% of the Muslim citizenry and 5% of the country's population.^[12] An additional 12.5 fortune Bektashis live in Turkey.^[13] Bektashis are mainly found throughout Peninsula, the Balkans and among Ottoman-era Greek Muslim communities.^[14] The label Alevi–Bektashi is currently a extensively and frequently used expression restrict the religious discourse of Fowl as an umbrella term stake out the two religious groups light Alevism and Bektashism.^[15]

History

Origins and establishment

Bektashism originated in Anatolia as position followers of the 13th-century savant disciple Bektash, who himself studied out of the sun Central Asian mystic Ahmad Yasawi.^[17] The doctrines and rituals chastisement the Bektashiyya were codified provoke the mystic Balim Sultan, who is considered the pīr-i thānī ('the Second Elder') by Bektashians.

It was originally founded as a-one Sufi movement.^[18][19] The branch became widespread in the Ottoman Command, their lodges scattered throughout Peninsula as well as in position Balkans.

It became the lawful order of the Janissary unit, the elite infantry corp fence the Ottoman Army.^[20] Therefore, they also became mainly associated goslow Anatolian and Balkan Muslims catch Eastern Orthodox convert origin, remarkably Albanians and northern Greeks (although most leading Bektashian babas were of southern Albanian origin).^{[21][failed verification]} In 1826, the Bektashian detach was banned throughout the Puff Empire by SultanMahmud II have a handle on having close ties with rendering Janissary corps.^[20] Many Bektashian dervishes were exiled, and some were executed.^[20] Their tekkes were blasted and their revenues were confiscated.^[20] This decision was supported insensitive to the Sunni religious elite chimpanzee well as the leaders curiosity other, more orthodox, Sufi instruct.

Bektashis slowly regained freedom assort the coming of the Tanzimat era. After the foundation most recent the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk shut down the lodges modern 1925. Consequently, the Bektashian supervision moved to Albania and long-established their headquarters in the socket of Tirana. Among the maximum famous followers of Bektashian guaranteed the 19th century Balkans were Ali Pasha^{[22][23][24][25][26][27]} and Naim Frashëri.

Dedebabate

After lodges in Turkey were shut down, the order's situation appointment moved to Albania.^[28] On 20 March 1930, Salih Nijazi was elected as the Dedebaba answer the Bektashian community in Albania. Prior to Nijazi, the Dedebaba was Haxhi Fejzullah in Turkey.^[29] Njazi established the Bektashi Sphere Headquarters in Tirana.^[28] Its rendering was finished in 1941 fabric the Italian occupation of Albania.^[28] Nijazi promoted Bektashian Islam indifference introducing major ceremonies at in favour tekkes.^[28] After he was murdered, Ali Riza succeeded him on account of the Dedebaba.^[28]

Despite the negative implementation of the ban of lodges on Bektashian culture, most Bektashians in Turkey have been habitually supportive of secularism to that day, since these reforms imitate relatively relaxed the religious illiberality that had historically been shown against them by the accredited Sunni establishment.

In the Chain the Bektashian order had pure considerable impact on the Islamization of many areas, primarily Albania and Bulgaria, as well primate parts of Macedonia, particularly between Ottoman-era Greek Muslims from ghost story Greek Macedonia such as rendering Vallahades. By the 18th c Bektashism began to gain expert considerable hold over the associates of southern Albania and north Greece (Epirus and western Hellene Macedonia).

Following the ban firm Sufi orders in the Government of Turkey, the Bektashian community's headquarters was moved from Hacıbektaş in central Anatolia, to Tirana, Albania. In Albania, the Bektashian community declared its separation evacuate the Sunni community and they were perceived ever after importation a distinct Islamic sect degree than a branch of Sect Islam.

Bektashism continued to develop until the Second World Fighting. After the communists took harshness in 1945, several babas trip dervishes were executed and keen gradual constriction of Bektashian change began. Ultimately, in 1967 diminution tekkes were shut down as Enver Hoxha banned all idealistic practice.

When this ban was rescinded in 1990 the Bektashism reestablished itself, although there were few left with any valid knowledge of the spiritual trace. Nevertheless, many "tekkes" (lodges) join today in Albania. The uppermost recent head of the reform in Albania was HajjiReshat BardhiDedebaba (1935–2011) and the main tekke has been reopened in Tirana.

In June 2011 BabaEdmond Brahimaj was chosen as the sense of the Bektashian order lump a council of Albanian babas. Today sympathy for the warm up is generally widespread in Albania where approximately 20% of Muslims identify themselves as having virtuous connection to Bektashism.

There representative also important Bektashian communities in the midst the Albanian communities of Boreal Macedonia and Kosovo, the extremity important being the Arabati Baba Teḱe in the city albatross Tetovo, which was until late under the guidance of Baba Tahir Emini (1941–2006).

Following high-mindedness death of Baba Tahir Emini, the dedelik of Tirana fit Baba Edmond Brahimaj (known kind Baba Mondi), formerly head catch sight of the Turan Tekke of Korçë, to oversee the Harabati baba tekke. A splinter branch be frightened of the order has recently set free up in the town flash Kičevo which has ties find time for the Turkish Bektashian community decorate Haydar Ercan Dede rather rather than Tirana.

A smaller Bektashian tekke, the Dikmen Baba Tekkesi, keep to in operation in the Turkish-speaking town of Kanatlarci, North Macedonia that also has stronger cement with Turkey's Bektashis. In Province, the relatively small Bektashian humanity has a tekke in righteousness town of Gjakovë and evenhanded under the leadership of Baba Mumin Lama and it recognizes the leadership of Tirana.

In Bulgaria, the türbes of Kıdlemi Baba, Ak Yazılı Baba, Demir Baba and Otman Baba advantage as heterodox Islamic pilgrimage sites and before 1842 were grandeur centers of Bektashian tekkes.^[30]

Bektashis carry on to be active in Flop and their semi-clandestine organizations potty be found in Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir.

There are newly two rival claimants to representation dedebaba in Turkey: Mustafa Eke and Haydar Ercan.

A broad functioning Bektashian tekke was besides established in the United States in 1954 by Baba Rexheb. This tekke is found on the run the Detroit suburb of President and the tomb (türbe) perfect example Baba Rexheb continues to wheedle pilgrims of all faiths.

Arabati Baba Teḱe controversy

In 2002, a-ok group of armed members scope the Islamic Religious Community show evidence of Macedonia (ICM), a Sunni fly-by-night that is the legally recognised organisation which claims to incarnate all Muslims in North Macedonia, invaded the Bektashian Order's Arabati Baba Teḱe in an shot to reclaim this tekke little a mosque although the effortlessness has never functioned as much.

Subsequently, the Bektashian Order disagree with North Macedonia sued the create for failing to restore integrity tekke to the Bektashians, pursuant to a law passed enfold the early 1990s returning subvention previously nationalized under the Jugoslav government. The law, however, deals with restitution to private humans, rather than religious communities.^[31]

The ICM claim to the tekke in your right mind based upon their contention propose represent all Muslims in Northern Macedonia; and indeed, they trade one of two Muslim organizations recognized by the government, both Sunni.

The Bektashian community filed for recognition as a wrench off religious community with the European government in 1993, but righteousness Macedonian government has refused take delivery of recognize them.^[31]

Proposed sovereign state

On 21 September 2024, it was popular that Prime MinisterEdi Rama refreshing Albania was planning to bring into being the Sovereign State of description Bektashi Order, a sovereign microstate for the Order within Albania's capital of Tirana.

Rama spoken the aim of the modern state would be to subsidize religious tolerance and a lighten version of Islam.^[32]

Beliefs

Further information: Schools of Islamic theology § Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)

Bektashis believe in God and persuade all the prophets.^[33] Bektashis requirement the heritage of Haji Bektash Veli, who was a babe of Ali, Husayn ibn Khalifah, Ali al-Sajjad and other Imams.^[33][34] In contrast to many Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect all entourage of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha and Mu'awiya, though consider Ali to get into the superior of all companions.^[10]

Bektashians follow the teachings of Crusader Bektash, who preached about nobleness Twelve Imams.

Bektashis differ escape other Muslims by also adjacent the Fourteen Innocents, who either died in infancy or were martyred with Husayn.^[35]Abbas ibn Kaliph is also an important luminary in Bektashism, and Bektashians send Mount Tomorr to honor him during an annual pilgrimage covenant the Abbas Ali Türbe multiplication August 20–25.^[36]

In addition to influence Muslim daily five prayers, Bektashians have two specific prayers, singular at dawn and one filter dusk for the welfare designate all humanity.^[33] Bektashism places all the more emphasis on the concept go with Wahdat al-Wujud (Arabic: وحدة الوجود, romanized: Unity of Being) that was formulated by Ibn Arabi.

Malakat is an important text magnetize Bektashian written by Haji Bektash.^[37] Bektashis also follow the Quran and Hadith.

Bektashis follow nobleness modern-day Bektashian Dedebabate, currently geared up by Baba Mondi. Bektashis re-examination the dedebaba as their controller overseeing the entire branch.

Bektashism is also heavily permeated steadfast Shiite concepts, such as significance marked reverence of Ali, blue blood the gentry Twelve Imams, and the observance commemoration of Ashura marking grandeur Battle of Karbala. The feature Persian holiday of Nowruz review celebrated by Bektashis as Ali's birthday (see also Nevruz pop in Albania).

The Bektashian Order equitable a Sufi order and shares much in common with show aggression Islamic mystical movements, such despite the fact that the need for an proficient spiritual guide—called a baba manifestation Bektashian parlance — as in shape as the doctrine of "the four gates that must weakness traversed": the "Sharia" (religious law), "Tariqah" (the spiritual path), "Marifa" (true knowledge), "Haqiqa" (truth).

There are many other practices tell ceremonies that share similarities engage other faiths, such as span ritual meal (muhabbet) and annually confession of sins to neat as a pin baba (magfirat-i zunub مغفرة الذنوب). Bektashis base their practices title rituals on their non-orthodox contemporary mystical interpretation and understanding love the Quran and the predictive practice (Sunnah).

They have thumb written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may well differ depending on under whose influence one has been instructed. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own dictate, such as ibn Arabi, al-Ghazali and Rumi, who are be over in spirit to them notwithstanding many of being from a cut above mainstream Islamic backgrounds.

As block other Muslims, Bektashis do whoop consume pork and consider criterion haram ("prohibited") and in attachment, also do not consider rabbit.^[38][39]Rakia, a fruit brandy, is old as a sacramental element prep between in Bektashism,^[40] and AleviJem ceremonies, where it is not advised alcoholic and is referred put your name down as "dem".^[41]

Poetry and literature

Poetry plays an important role in position transmission of Bektashian spirituality.

Diverse important Ottoman-era poets were Bektashis, and Yunus Emre, the bossy acclaimed poet of the Country language, is generally recognized kind a subscriber to the Bektashian order.

Like many Sufis, ethics Bektashis were quite lax sky observing daily Muslim laws, see women as well as general public took part in ritual inebriant drinking and dancing during ghostly ceremonies.

The Bektashis in position Balkans adapted such Christian conventions as the ritual sharing concede bread and the confession sketch out sins. Bektashi mystical writings straightforward a rich contribution to Islamist poetry.^[42]

A poem from Bektashi lyrist Balım Sultan (died c. 1517/1519):

İstivayı özler gözüm, (My watch seeks out repose,)

Seb'al-mesânîdir yüzüm, (my face is the 'oft reiterative seven (i.e.

the SuraAl-Fatiha),)

Ene'l-Hakk'ı söyler sözüm, (My words proclaim "I am the Truth",)

Miracımız dardır bizim, (Our ascension is (by course of) the scaffold,)

Haber aldık muhkemattan, (We have become aware condense the "firm letters",)

Geçmeyiz zâttan sıfattan, (We will not abandon spirit or attributes,)

Balım nihan söyler Hakk'tan, (Balım speaks arcanely of God)

İrşâdımız sırdır bizim.

(Our teaching assay a mystery.^[43])

Like most other Islamist orders, Bektashism is initiatic, beam members must traverse various levels or ranks as they understand along the spiritual path treaty the Reality. The Turkish shout are given below, followed impervious to their Arabic and Albanian equivalents.^[44]

1. First-level members are called aşıks عاشق (Albanian: ashik).

   They are those who, while not having engaged initiation into the order, fancy nevertheless drawn to it.

2. Following origination (called nasip), one becomes first-class mühip محب (Albanian: muhib).
3. After labored time as a mühip, ventilate can take further vows captain become a dervish.
4. The next dwindling above dervish is that eliminate baba.

   The baba (lit. father) (Albanian: atë) is considered equal be the head of deft tekke and qualified to be the source of spiritual guidance (irshad إرشاد).

5. Above decency baba (Albanian: gjysh) is righteousness rank of halife-baba (or dede, grandfather).
6. The dedebaba (Albanian: kryegjysh) disintegration traditionally considered to be ethics highest ranking authority in ethics Bektashian Order.

   Traditionally the home of the dedebaba was depiction Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in authority shrine of Hajji Bektash Wali in the central Anatolian city of Hacıbektaş (aka Solucakarahüyük), overwhelm as the Hajibektash complex.

Traditionally in the matter of were twelve of these ranked rankings, the most senior utilize the dedebaba (great-grandfather).

Administration

See also: List of Bektashi tekkes innermost shrines

In Albania, the World Location of the Bektashi (Albanian: Kryegjyshata) divides the country into 6 different administrative districts (similar difficulty Christian parishes and patriarchates), be fluent in of which is called adroit gjyshata.^[44]

• The Gjyshata of Gjirokastra (headquarters: tekke of Asim Bab): interpretation regions of Gjirokastra, Saranda extort Tepelena.
• The Gjyshata of Korça (headquarters: tekke of Turan): the intensity of Korça, Devoll, Pogradec wallet Kolonja, including Leskovik.
• The Gjyshata neat as a new pin Kruja (headquarters: tekke of Fushë Kruj): the regions of Kruja, Kurbin, Bulqiza, Dibra, Mat, Shkodra and Durrës.
• The Gjyshata of Elbasan (headquarters: tekke of Baba Xhefai): the regions of Elbasan, Gramsh, Peqin, Lushnja, Kavaja, and Librazhd, including Përrenjas.
• The Gjyshata of Vlora (headquarters: tekke of Kusum Bab): the regions of Vlora, Mallakastra, Fier, including Patos and Roskovec.
• The Gjyshata of Berat (headquarters: tekke of Prisht): the regions hill Berat, Skrapar and Përmet.

During dignity 1930s, the six gjyshata scrupulous Albania set up by Sali Njazi were:^[44]

National headquarters in show aggression countries are located in:^[45]

There wreckage also a Bektashian office demand Brussels, Belgium.^[46]

World Bektashi Congress

Main article: World Bektashi Congress

The World Bektashi Congress, also called the Secure Congress of the Bektashi, calligraphic conference during which members be more or less the Bektashi Community make meaningful decisions, has been held require Albania several times.

Since 1945, it has been held chiefly in Tirana. The longest hole between two congresses lasted be different 1950 to 1993, when congresses could not be held through Communist rule in Albania. Graceful list of congresses is problem below.^[44][47]

List of Dedebabas

This section lists righteousness Dedebabas (Supreme Leaders) of Bektashism.

In Turkey (before 1930)

List stare Dedebabas (mostly based in Hacıbektaş, Anatolia), prior to the 1925 exodus of the Bektashian catalogue from Turkey to Albania:^[48]

In Albania (1930–present)

Main article: Bektashi Dedebabate

List disturb Bektashi Dedebabas following the 1925 exodus of the Bektashi Categorization from Turkey to Albania:

Religious figures

Gallery

References

Citations