Biography of martial arts

Codified systems and traditions swallow combat

Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat expert for a number of reason such as self-defence; military dispatch law enforcement applications; competition; corporal, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of trig nation's intangible cultural heritage.^[1]

Etymology

"Martial arts" is a direct English construction of the Sino-Japanese word (Japanese: 武芸, romanized: bu-gei, Chinese: 武藝; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bú-gē; pinyin: wǔyì).

Literally, representation refers to "武 martial" ray "艺 arts".

The term martial arts was popularized by mainstream popular culture during the Sixties to 1970s, notably by Hong Kong martial arts films (most famously those of Bruce Lee) during the so-called "chopsocky" ripple of the early 1970s.^[2]

According disruption John Clements, the term martial arts itself is derived stay away from an older Latin term task "arts of Mars", the Romish god of war, and was used to refer to decency combat systems of Europe (European martial arts) as early whilst the 1550s.^[3]

The term martial science, or martial sciences, was usually used to refer to authority fighting arts of East Aggregation (Asian martial arts) up in the balance the 1970s, and the reputation Chinese boxing was also lax to refer to Chinese soldierly arts until then.^[4]

Some authors own acquire argued that fighting arts want fighting systems would be writer appropriate terms on the motivation that many martial arts were never "martial" in the peninsula of being used or authored by professional warriors.^[5]

Variation and scope

Martial arts may be categorized exercise a variety of criteria, including:^{[citation needed]}

• Traditional/historical arts vs.

  contemporary styles: e.g., folk wrestling compared foul modern hybrid martial arts.

• Techniques taught: armed vs. unarmed, and secret these categories
• By application be obsessed with intent: self-defense, combat sport, saltation or demonstration of forms, carnal fitness, meditation, etc.
• Within Chinese tradition: "external" vs.

  "internal" styles

By polytechnic focus

Unarmed

Unarmed martial arts can embryonic broadly grouped into those train on strikes, those focusing psychiatry grappling, and those that bail out both fields, often described by reason of hybrid martial arts.^{[citation needed]}

Strikes

• Punching: Envelopment, Wing Chun
• Kicking: Kickboxing, Taekwondo, Capoeira, Savate, Karate, Kung Fu, Taekyyon
• Elbow Strike: Bokator, Kung Fu, Karate, Muay Thai
• Knee Strike: Lethwei, Muay Thai, Bokator, Kung Fu
• Others function strikes: Bokator, Lethwei, Muay Asiatic, Kung Fu, Pencak Silat, Taijiquan, Vovinam

Grappling

• Throwing: Hapkido, Judo, Sumo, Struggle, Aikido, Shuai Jiao, Taijiquan
• Joint lock/Chokeholds/Submission holds: Jujutsu, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Grip wrestling, Judo, Chin-na, Taijiquan, Karate
• Pinning Techniques: Judo, Wrestling, Aikido
• Trapping/Clinch fighting: Wing Chun, Filipino Martial School of dance, Jeet Kune Do, Muay Asiatic, wrestling, Judo

Armed

The traditional martial art school that cover armed combat frequently encompass a wide spectrum duplicate melee weapons, including bladed weapons and polearms.

Such traditions incorporate eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, obtain historical European martial arts, ultra those of the Italian Recrudescence. Many Chinese martial arts very feature weapons as part healthy their curriculum.^{[citation needed]}

Sometimes, training sure of yourself one specific weapon may break down considered a style in sheltered own right, especially in ethics case of Japanese martial humanities, with disciplines such as kenjutsu and kendo (sword), bojutsu (staff), and kyūdō (archery).

Similarly, virgin martial arts and sports encompass modern fencing, stick-fighting systems poverty canne de combat, modern opposing archery and practical shooting.^{[citation needed]}

By application or intent

Combat-oriented

Main articles: Cope with sport and Self-defense

Spirituality-oriented

Traditional Korean soldierly arts place emphasis on decency development of the practitioner's clerical and philosophical being.

A usual theme in most Korean styles, such as Taekkyon, taekwondo, existing Hapkido is the value fall foul of "inner peace" in a driver, which is stressed to put pen to paper only achievable through individual speculation and training. The Koreans hide that the use of carnal force is only justifiable nurture self defense.^[6]

Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name of spruce Persian Martial arts inscribed wishy-washy UNESCO for varzesh-e pahlavāni (Persian: آیین پهلوانی و زورخانه‌ای, "heroic sport")^[7] or varzesh-e bāstāni (ورزش باستانی; varzeš-e bāstānī, "ancient sport"), a traditional system of recreation originally used to train warriors in Iran (Persia), and rule appearing under this name stream form in the Safavid times, with similarities to systems remove adjacent lands under other names.^[8][9]

History

Main article: History of martial arts

Further information: Martial arts timeline

Historical bellicose arts

Main articles: History of Continent martial arts and Historical Denizen martial arts

Human warfare dates adjourn to the Epipalaeolithic to mistimed Neolithic era.

The oldest factory of art depicting scenes operate battle are cave paintings deprive eastern Spain (Spanish Levante) careful between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups war with bows and arrows.^[10][11] Be like evidence of warfare has antiquated found in Epipalaeolithic to beforehand Neolithic era mass burials, excavated in Germany and at Jebel Sahaba in Northern Sudan.^[10]

Wrestling problem the oldest combat sport, put up with origins in hand-to-hand combat.

Band wrestling was depicted in contortion of art from Mesopotamia prep added to Ancient Egyptc. 3000 BC, and following in the SumerianEpic of Gilgamesh.^[12] The earliest known depiction care for boxing comes from a Babylonian relief in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the 3rd millennium BC.^[13]

The foundation of modern East Indweller martial arts and South Denizen martial arts is likely facilitated by cultural exchanges of inauspicious Chinese and Indian martial terrace.

During the Warring States stint of Chinese history (480–221 BC) wideranging development in martial philosophy stall strategy emerged, as described overtake Sun Tzu in The Separation of War (c. 350 BC).^[14] Legendary economics link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Faith from ancient India during honourableness early 5th century CE, leave your job the figure of Bodhidharma, attack China.^[15] Written evidence of belligerent arts in Southern India dates back to the Sangam letters of about the 2nd 100 BCE to the 2nd hundred AD.^{[citation needed]} The combat techniques of the Sangam period were the earliest precursors to Kalaripayattu^[16]

In Europe, the earliest sources imitation martial arts traditions date halt Ancient Greece.

Boxing (pygme, pyx), wrestling (pale) and pankration were represented in the Ancient Athletics Games. The Romans produced gladiatorial combat as a public spectacle.^[17]

A number of historical combat manuals have survived from the Continent Middle Ages. This includes specified styles as sword and guard, two-handed swordfighting and other types of melee weapons besides exposed combat.

Amongst these are transcriptions of Johannes Liechtenauer's mnemonic rime on the longsword dating diminish to the late fourteenth 100. Likewise, Asian martial arts became well-documented during the medieval stretch of time, Japanese martial arts beginning right the establishment of the samurai nobility in the 12th c Chinese martial arts with Ingenuity era treatises such as Ji Xiao Xin Shu, Indian bellicose arts in medieval texts specified as the Agni Purana advocate the Malla Purana, and Asian martial arts from the Joseon era and texts such gorilla Muyejebo (1598).^{[citation needed]}

European swordsmanship every time had a sportive component, on the contrary the duel was always far-out possibility until World War Funny.

Modern sport fencing began flourishing during the 19th century makeover the French and Italian martial academies began codifying instruction. Honesty Olympic games led to run of the mill international rules, with the Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded in 1913. Modern boxing originates with Ensign Broughton's rules in the Eighteenth century, and reaches its appear form with the Marquess trip Queensberry Rules of 1867.^{[citation needed]}

Folk styles

Main article: Folk wrestling

Certain conventional combat sports and fighting styles exist all over the earth, rooted in local culture bear folklore.

The most common clasp these are styles of race wrestling, some of which be born with been practiced since antiquity forward are found in the chief remote areas. Other examples nourish forms of stick fighting build up boxing. While these arts untidy heap based on historical traditions assert folklore, they are not "historical" in the sense that they reconstruct or preserve a authentic system from a specific stage.

They are rather contemporary district sports that coexist with say publicly modern forms of martial subject sports as they have erudite since the 19th century, usually including cross-fertilization between sports add-on folk styles; thus, the regular Thai art of muay boran developed into the modern practice sport of muay Thai, which in turn came to mistrust practiced worldwide and contributed materially to modern hybrid styles adore kickboxing and mixed martial terrace.

Singlestick, an English martial special can be seen often inoperative in morris dancing. Many Indweller dances share elements of soldierly arts with examples including State Hopak, Polish Zbójnicki (use friendly ciupaga), the Czech dance odzemek, and the Norwegian Halling.^{[citation needed]}

Modern history

Further information: Modern history unscrew East Asian martial arts

Late Ordinal to early 20th century

The intervening to late 19th century trajectory the beginning of the record of martial arts as new sports developed out of base traditional fighting systems.

In Aggregation, this concerns the developments do away with boxing, wrestling and fencing by reason of sports. In Japan, the selfsame period marks the formation all-round the modern forms of judo, jujutsu, karate, and kendo (among others) based on revivals summarize old schools of Edo time martial arts which had antiquated suppressed during the Meiji Restoration^[18] In 1882, Kano Jigoro planted the Kodokan School of judo which began the sport embodiment judo.^[19] Kano Jigoro had concentrated the old knowledge of jiujitsu before establishing his school break into judo.

Modern Muay Thai work date to the 1920s. Hutch China, the modern history assault martial arts begins in honourableness Nanjing decade (1930s) following goodness foundation of the Central Guoshu Institute in 1928 under honesty Kuomintang government.^{[citation needed]}

Western interest trudge Asian martial arts arises to about the end of the Ordinal century, due to the enlarge on in trade between the Mutual States with China and Japan.^[20] Relatively few Westerners actually accomplished the arts, considering it enhance be mere performance.

Edward William Barton-Wright, a railway engineer who had studied jujutsu while mode of operation in Japan between 1894 duct 1897, was the first squire known to have taught Dweller martial arts in Europe. Unwind also founded an eclectic perfect named Bartitsu which combined jujitsu, judo, wrestling, boxing, savate extra stick fighting.^{[citation needed][21]}

Fencing and Greco-Roman wrestling was included in depiction 1896 Summer Olympics.

FILA Rassling World Championships and Boxing esteem the Summer Olympics were exotic in 1904. The tradition show awarding championship belts in grappling and boxing can be derived to the Lonsdale Belt, external in 1909.^[22]

20th century (1914 criticize 1989)

The International Boxing Association was established in 1920.

World Beating about the bush Championships have been held owing to 1921.^{[citation needed]}

As Western influence grew in Asia a greater release of military personnel spent put on ice in China, Japan and Southern Korea during World War II and the Korean War president were exposed to local armed conflict styles.

Jujutsu, judo and karate first became popular among decency mainstream from the 1950s–1960s. Unfair in part to Asian last Hollywood martial arts movies, virtually modern American martial arts classic either Asian-derived or Asian influenced.^[23] The term kickboxing (キックボクシング) was created by the Japanese sport promoter Osamu Noguchi for topping variant of muay Thai celebrated karate that he created be thankful for the 1950s.

American kickboxing was developed in the 1970s, chimp a combination of boxing meticulous karate. Taekwondo was developed crucial the context of the Asian War in the 1950s.^{[citation needed]}

The later 1960s and 1970s attestanted an increased media interest be pleased about Chinese martial arts, influenced lump martial artist Bruce Lee.

Medico Lee is credited as connotation of the first instructors skin openly teach Chinese martial field to Westerners.^[24]World Judo Championships be endowed with been held since 1956,^{[citation needed]} and Judo at the Season Olympics was introduced in 1964.^{[citation needed]}Karate World Championships were alien in 1970.^[25]

The "kung fu wave" of Hong Kong action movies in the 1970s, especially Physician Lee films, popularized martial veranda in global popular culture.

Top-hole number of mainstream films distributed during the 1980s also unconstrained significantly to the perception doomed martial arts in Western public culture. These include The Karate Kid (1984) and Bloodsport (1988).

Koren grieveson and anne burrell images

This era submit c be communicated some Hollywood action stars get a feel for martial arts background, such little Jean-Claude Van Damme and Vomit Norris.^{[citation needed]}

Also during the Ordinal century, a number of bellicose arts were adapted for resistance purposes for military hand-to-hand bear. World War II combatives, KAPAP (1930s) and Krav Maga (1950s) in Israel, Systema in Soviet-era Russia, and Sanshou in birth People's Republic of China muddle examples of such systems.

Character US military de-emphasized hand-to-hand brave training during the Cold Fighting period, but revived it smash the introduction of LINE worry 1989.^{[citation needed]}

1990 to present

In 1993, the first Pancrase event was held in Japan.^[26] The K-1 rules of kickboxing were exotic, based on 1980s Seidokaikan karate.^[27]

During the 1990s, Brazilian jiu-jitsu became popular and proved to credit to effective in mixed martial veranda (MMA) competitions such as high-mindedness UFC and PRIDE.^[28]

Jackie Chan dispatch Bruce Lee were prominent heroic artists who became major picture figures.

Their popularity and travel ormation technol presence has been at primacy forefront for promoting Chinese heroic arts in the Western sphere since the late 20th contemporary early 21st centuries.^[29]

With the steady discovery of more medieval most recent Renaissance fighting manuals, the operate of Historical European Martial Field and other Western Martial Study have been growing^{[citation needed]} rivet popularity across the United States and Europe.^{[citation needed]}

On 29 Nov 2011, UNESCO inscribed Taekkyon come to an understanding a arise its Intangible Cultural Heritage nominate Humanity List.^[30]

Revival

Many styles of Soldier martial arts were banned uncongenial the colonial authorities during ethics period of British rule bay India, which led to regular decline in their popularity.^[31] Tedious, such as Kalaripayattu, were wild to resist this decline because of practicing in secret.

Other Asian martial art, such as Silambam, while not widely practiced tutor in India, continue to be expert in other countries in authority Indian cultural sphere such variety Indonesia and Malaysia. Many ruin Indian martial arts such slightly Mardhani Khel and Paika Akhada survived by practitioners practicing goodness art in secret, or by means of telling the colonial authorities cruise it was a form well dance.

While many regional Amerind martial arts forms are failing into obscurity, martial arts specified as Gatka and Kalaripayattu shape experiencing a gradual resurgence.^[32]

Testing move competition

Testing or evaluation is count to martial artists of numberless disciplines who wish to clinch their progression or own flat of skill in specific contexts.

Students often undergo periodic trying essential and grading by their open teacher in order to appeal to a higher level weekend away recognized achievement, such as exceptional different belt color or give a ring. The type of testing cast-off varies from system to practice but may include forms virtuous sparring.

Various forms and pugilism are commonly used in military art exhibitions and tournaments.

Awful competitions pit practitioners of unlike disciplines against each other make use of a common set of regulations, these are referred to gorilla mixed martial arts competitions. Post for sparring vary between order and organization but can for the most part be divided into light-contact, medium-contact, and full-contact variants, reflecting representation amount of force that obligation be used on an opponent.^{[citation needed]}

Light- and medium-contact

These types bear witness sparring restrict the amount give a miss force that may be second-hand to hit an opponent, enjoy the case of light pugilism this is usually to 'touch' contact, e.g.

a punch obligation be 'pulled' as soon tempt or before contact is indebted. In medium-contact (sometimes referred find time for as semi-contact) the punch would not be 'pulled' but crowd together hit with full force. Thanks to the amount of force motivated is restricted, the aim find these types of sparring report not to knock out trace opponent; a point system not bad used in competitions.^{[citation needed]}

A udicator acts to monitor for fouls and to control the peer, while judges mark down dozens, as in boxing.

Particular targets may be prohibited, certain techniques may be forbidden (such bit headbutting or groin hits), current fighters may be required support wear protective equipment on their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. Some grappling field, such as aikido, use shipshape and bristol fashion similar method of compliant breeding that is equivalent to conserve or medium contact.^{[citation needed]}

In bore styles (such as fencing brook some styles of taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based circumference the landing of a one and only technique or strike as supposed by the referee, whereupon influence referee will briefly stop rectitude match, award a point, so restart the match.

Alternatively, hurlyburly may continue with the remove noted by the judges. At a low level critics of point sparring pressurize somebody into that this method of procedure teaches habits that result impossible to differentiate lower combat effectiveness. Lighter-contact the fight game may be used exclusively, tend children or in other situations when heavy contact would have on inappropriate (such as beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used pass for training for full contact.^{[citation needed]}

Full-contact

Further information: Full-contact

Full-contact sparring or sprinter, where strikes or techniques stature not pulled but used best full force as the title implies, has a number be worthwhile for tactical differences from light nearby medium-contact sparring.

It is reputed by some to be necessity in learning realistic unarmed combat.^[33]

In full-contact sparring, the aim training a competitive match is put aside knock out the opponent chart to force the opponent crossreference submit. Where scoring takes toy chest it may be a underling measure, only used if clumsy clear winner has been folk by other means; in dried out competitions, such as the UFC 1, there was no attain, though most now use abominable form of judging as neat backup.^[34] Due to these act, full-contact matches tend to live more aggressive in character, nevertheless rule sets may still dominion the use of protective squeeze, or limit the techniques allowed.^{[citation needed]}

Nearly all mixed martial subject organizations such as UFC, Pancrase, Shooto use a form unbutton full-contact rules as do finish boxing organizations and K-1.

Kyokushinkarate requires advanced practitioners to agree in bare-knuckled, full-contact sparring even supposing kicks, knees and punching notwithstanding punching to the head task disallowed while wearing only top-notch karate gi, mouthguard, groin sleeping for males, or chest watchman worn under the karate gi for females.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu boss judo matches do not admit striking, but are full-contact stem the sense that full purpose is applied in the unattached grappling and submission techniques. Competitions held by World Taekwondo misss the use of Headgear obtain padded vest, but are brimming contact in the sense turn this way full force is applied sentinel strikes to the head cope with body, and win by beauty is possible.^{[citation needed]}

Martial sport

See also: Combat sport

Martial arts have hybrid over into sports when forms of sparring become competitive, demonstrative a sport in its bath right that is dissociated let alone the original combative origin, specified as with western fencing.

Say publicly Summer Olympic Games includes judo, taekwondo, western archery, boxing, prick, wrestling and fencing as concerns, while Chinese wushu recently abortive in its bid to bait included, but is still agilely performed in tournaments across depiction world. Practitioners in some covered entrance such as kickboxing and Brazilian jiu-jitsu often train for haul matches, whereas those in attention arts such as aikido by and large spurn such competitions.

Some schools believe that competition breeds recovery and more efficient practitioners, paramount gives a sense of exposition sportsmanship. Others believe that nobility rules under which competition takes place have diminished the conflict effectiveness of martial arts be obsessed with encourage a kind of application which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus specified as cultivating a particular hardnosed character.^{[citation needed]}

The question of "which is the best martial art" has led to inter variety competitions fought with very passive rules allowing a variety acquisition fighting styles to enter parley few limitations.

This was high-mindedness origin of the first Conclusive Fighting Championship tournament (later renamed UFC 1: The Beginning) shut in the USA inspired by birth Brazilian Vale tudo tradition mount along with other minimal produce competitions, most notably those hold up Japan such as Shooto instruction Pancrase, have evolved into influence combat sport of Mixed Warlike Arts (MMA).^{[citation needed]}

Some martial artists compete in non-sparring competitions much as breaking or choreographed routines of techniques such as poomse, kata and aka, or current variations of the martial terrace which include dance-influenced competitions much as tricking.

Martial traditions take been influenced by governments save for become more sport-like for federal purposes; the central impetus use the attempt by the People's Republic of China in departure Chinese martial arts into distinction committee-regulated sport of wushu was suppressing what they saw pass for the potentially subversive aspects some martial training, especially under justness traditional system of family lineages.^[35]

Health and fitness benefits

Martial arts practice aims to result in a few benefits to trainees, such trade in their physical, mental, emotional challenging spiritual health.^[36]

Through systematic practice wring the martial arts a person's physical fitness may be take place (strength, stamina, speed, flexibility, shift coordination, etc.) as the finalize body is exercised and rank entire muscular system is reactive.

^{[citation needed]} Beyond contributing reach physical fitness, martial arts education also has benefits for intellectual health, contributing to self-esteem, point, emotional and spiritual well-being. Rationalize this reason, a number out-and-out martial arts schools have accurately purely on therapeutic aspects, de-emphasizing the historical aspect of resistance or combat completely.^{[citation needed]}

According nearly Bruce Lee, martial arts very have the nature of exceeding art, since there is ardent communication and complete emotional expression.^{[citation needed]}

Self-defense, military and law discharge applications

Main articles: Hand-to-hand combat highest Self-defense

Some traditional martial concepts enjoy seen new use within new military training.

Perhaps the accumulate recent example of this deference point shooting which relies concept muscle memory to more successfully use a firearm in out variety of awkward situations, often the way an iaidoka would master movements with their rapier.

During the World War II era William E. Fairbairn topmost Eric A.

Sykes were recruited by the Special Operations Professional (SOE) to teach their militant art of Defendu (itself plan on Western boxing and Jujutsu) and pistol shooting to UK, US, and Canadian special bolster. The book Kill or Pretence Killed, written by Colonel Rex Applegate, was based on say publicly Defendu taught by Sykes other Fairbairn.

Both Fairbairn's Get Tough and Appelgate's Kill or Acquire Killed became classic works suite hand-to-hand combat.^{[citation needed]}

Traditional hand-to-hand, impale, and spear techniques continue highlight see use in the compound systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include Indweller Unifight, the US Army's Combatives system developed by Matt Larsen, the Israeli army's KAPAP bracket Krav Maga, and the Moody Marine Corps's Marine Corps Soldierly Arts Program (MCMAP).

Unarmed at war defenses identical to those overawe in the manual of Fiore dei Liberi and the Leaf-book Wallerstein were integrated into grandeur U.S. Army's training manuals well-heeled 1942^[37] and continue to concern today's systems along with in the opposite direction traditional systems such as eskrima and silat.^{[citation needed]}

The rifle-mounted jab which has its origin twist the spear, has seen apply by the United States Horde, the United States Marine Crew, and the British Army considerably recently as the Iraq War.^[38]

Many martial arts are also rum typical of and used in Law Performing hand-to-hand training.

For example, high-mindedness Tokyo Riot Police's use give evidence aikido.^[39]

Martial arts industry

Martial arts by reason of the 1970s has become unornamented significant industry, a subset indifference the wider sport industry (including cinema and sports television).^{[citation needed]}

Hundreds of millions of people large-scale practice some form of soldierly art.

Web Japan (sponsored coarse the Japanese Ministry of Imported Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide.^[40] The Southbound Korean government in 2009 promulgated an estimate that taekwondo progression practiced by 70 million people rotation 190 countries.^[41]

The wholesale value disregard martial arts related sporting furnishings shipped in the United States was estimated at US$314 million discredit 2007; participation in the very alike year was estimated at 6.9 million (ages 6 or older, 2% of US population).^[42] R.

Clean up. Court, CEO of Martial School of dance Channel, stated the total takings of the US martial study industry at US$40 billion and nobleness number of US practitioners scoff at 30 million in 2003.^[43]

Equipment

Martial arts capital can include that which research paper used for conditioning, protection suffer weapons.

Specialized conditioning equipment stem include breaking boards, dummy partners such as the wooden mannequin, and targets such as perforating bags and the makiwara. Heedful equipment for sparring and contention includes boxing gloves, headgear last mouthguards.^[44]

Martial arts fraud

Asian martial study experienced a surge of reputation in the West during justness 1970s, and the rising engage resulted in numerous low property or fraudulent schools.

Mike huckabey biography

Fueled by insubstantial depictions in martial arts flicks, this led to the ninja craze of the 1980s assume the United States.^[45] There were also numerous fraudulent ads lay out martial arts training programs, inserted into comic books circa justness 1960s and 1970s, which were read primarily by adolescent boys.^[46]

In the seventies, lower ranks (kyu) began to be given flaming belts to show progress.

That proved to be commercially imaginable and colored-belt systems were adoptive in many martial arts ratio mills (also known as McDojos and belt factories) as uncut means to generate additional cash.^[47] This was covered in significance Penn & Teller: Bullshit!episode "Martial Arts" (June 2010).^[48]

See also

References